简介：AbstractBackground:Sweat secreted by eccrine sweat glands is transported to the skin surface through the lumen. The eccrine sweat gland develops from the initial solid bud to the final gland structure with a lumen, but how the lumen is formed and the mechanism of lumen formation have not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of lumen formation of eccrine gland organoids (EGOs).Methods:Human eccrine sweat glands were isolated from the skin for tissue culture, and the primary cultured cells were collected and cultured in Matrigel for 14 days in vitro. EGOs at different development days were collected for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to observe morphological changes and for immunofluorescence staining of proliferation marker Ki67, cellular motility marker filamentous actin (F-actin), and autophagy marker LC3B. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Ki67, F-actin, and LC3B. Moreover, apoptosis was detected using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) apoptosis assay kit, and the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and Caspase-3 was detected by Western blot. In addition, 3-methyladenine (3MA) was used as an autophagy inhibitor to detect whether the formation of sweat glands can be effectively inhibited.Results:The results showed that a single gland cell proliferated rapidly and formed EGOs on day 4. The earliest lumen formation was observed on day 6. From day 8 to day 14, the rate of lumen formation in EGOs increased significantly. The immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses showed that the expression of Ki67 gradually decreased with the increase in days, while the F-actin expression level did not change. Notably, the expression of autophagy marker LC3B was detected in the interior cells of EGOs as the apoptosis signal of EGOs was negative. Compared with the control group, the autophagy inhibitor 3MA can effectively limit the formation rate of the lumen and reduce the inner diameter of EGOs.Conclusion:Using our model of eccrine gland 3D-reconstruction in Matrigel, we determined that autophagy rather than apoptosis plays a role in the lumen formation of EGOs.

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简介：SincetheendoftheColdWarintheearly1990s,ithasbecomeincreasinglycommontoconceiveofhistoryintermsof'post-xera'-the'Post-ColdWarEra,''Post-AmericaEra,''Post-WesternEra,'tonameafew.Behindthenumerouserasthatthislabelhasappliedto,wefeelthattheworldtodayisundergoinggreatchangeswhichareentirelydifferentfromtheonesthathave

简介：重要努力在在水泥揭示thaumasite形成的机制被作了，它继续与歧义和纠纷是充满的。化学方法被采用综合纯C3S，C2S，C3A，ettringite，和thaumasite，和X光检查衍射(XRD)，拉曼光谱学和红外线的光谱学(红外)被用来从另外的水合物识别thaumasite。调查thaumasite形成的直接线路，C3S，C2S，石膏，和钙碳酸盐被用来准备水泥粘贴以便ettringite形成的干扰能被避免。thaumasite形成的间接线路被考虑C3thaumasite上的A或ettringite内容形成。结果证明那个thaumasite罐头毫无疑问在适当条件下面当忍受铝的矿物质或ettringite不在时被产生，当ettringite存在支持thaumasite形成时。没有证据在这个工作支持异构的成核线路。方法在这提到工作能肯定被用来调查thaumasite形成的机制，这被结束，并且thaumasite能形成由直接并且woodfordite线路。

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简介：Monoammoniumphosphate(1molL^-1),monopotassiumphosphate(1molL^-1)andaluminumchloride(5×10^-3molL^-1)wereusedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceofpHontheformationofNH4-taranakiteandK-taranakiteinsystemswithahighNH4H2PO4orKH2PO4concentration.TheexperimentaldataindicatedthatthereactionproductsofaluminumwithNH4H2PO4orKH2PO4changedwiththepHinthesystems.InapHrangeof2.5to10.0,asthepHincreased,theproductsineitherammoniumorpotassiumsystemfollowedthesequence:taranakite,amorphous(NH4,K)2AIH(PO4)2.4H2O,andthencrystalline(NH4,K)AlPO4OH.2H2O.However,thepHrangesoftheformationoftheseproductsinammoniumsystemweredifferentfrompotassiumsystem.NH4-taranakiteformedfrompH2.75topH5.75,whereasK-taranakiteformedinthepHrangeof3.00to5.0,Fromthetheoreticalcalcuationbyacomputerprogram(GEOCHEMversion2.0),NH4-taranakteandK-taranakitecouldformatthepHfrom1.50to8.30andfrom1.25to8.45,respectively.ThesepHrangesweremuchwiderthantheexperimentalresults.Thedifferencebetweentheexperimentaldataandtheoreticaldatawasattributedtothelackofkineticdataand/ortheincompletenessandinaccuracyofthethermodynamicdatainthedatabaseoftheprogram.ThepHrangesoftheformationofthetaranakitesindicatedthatthetaranakitescouldexistintheimmediatevicinityofphosphateferilizerzoneasreactionproductsofphosphatefertilizerswithsoils,especiallyacideicsoils,resultinginthefixationofnotonlyphosphatebutalsonitrogenand/orpotassiuminsoils.

简介：SichuanBasinisatypicalsuperimposedbasin,whichexperiencedmulti-phasetectonicmovements,meanwhileSinian–Cambrianunderwentcomplexhydrocarbonaccumulationprocesses,causingexplorationdifficultiesinthepast60years.Basedonthemicroscopicevidenceoffluidinclusions,combinedwithbasin-modelling,thispaperdeterminesstagesandtimeofhydrocarbonaccumulation,reconstructsevolutionofformationpressureanddynamicprocessesofhydrocarbonaccumulationinSinianDengyingFormation-CambrianLongwangmiaoFormationofGaoshiti-Moxistructure.Threestagesofinclusionsaredetected,includingastageofyellow-yellowgreenfluorescentoilinclusions,astageofbluefluorescentoil-gasinclusionsandastageofnon-fluorescentgasinclusions,reflectingthestudyareahasexperiencedaseriesofcomplexhydrocarbonaccumulationprocesses,suchasformationofpaleo-oilreservoirs,crackingofcrudeoil,formationofpaleo-gasreservoirsandadjustmenttopresentgasreservoirs,whichoccurredduring219–188,192–146and168–0Marespectively.Duringtheperiodofcrudeoilcracking,DengyingFormation-LongwangmiaoFormationshowedweakoverpressuretooverpressurecharacteristics,thenafteradjustmentofpaleo-gasreservoirstopresentgasreservoirs,thepressureinDengyingFormationchangedintooverpressurebutfinallyreducedtonormalpressuresystem.However,duetoexcellentpreservationconditions,theoverpressurestrengthinLongwangmiaoFormationonlyslightlydecreasedandwasstillkepttothisday.

简介：Terreneuvian时代(541-521妈)也是为在华南的metallogenesis的一个重要时期，作为被Ni瞬间polymetallic层的普遍出现在更深的斜坡盆背景在先前的浅站台边缘和充实V的黑页岩上代表。在这研究，我们测量了Ni瞬间polymetallic层的Re-Osisochron年龄(Songlin，Niuchang，Sancha，Chuanpengwan)，V富有的黑页岩(Bahuang)，和在在贵州和湖南省的基础Niutitang形成的非产金属的黑页岩(Shuidong)，华南。Ni瞬间polymetallic层和充实V的黑页岩有类似的Re-Osisochron年龄，建议产金属的矿石的这二种类型的并发的免职。这个建议与由使用直接作为一个stratigraphic标记位于这些产金属的层下面的榴状的磷钙土床的传统的stratigraphic关联一致。而且，产金属的矿石和非产金属的黑页岩有类似的起始的187Os/1880.8-0.9的O比率，与热水的活动的次要的贡献为主导的海水起源争论。而且，Re-Os同位素的数据也暗示那Ni瞬间和V矿石可能源于一样的来源。我们建议产金属的矿石的空间分发能被non-sulfidicanoxic-suboxic楔(NSASW)的开发在以前的平台边缘在斜坡盆和sulfidic楔解释。深水的Upwelling温和地减少的、器官的富有的NSASW，在V，(V)优先地被归结为V(IV)，并且是由有机金属的复杂形成从海水移开的第一横断。作为结果，V富有的黑页岩在Yangtze站台的斜坡盆扔。进sulfidic站台边缘的深水的进一步的运动导致Ni瞬间polymetallic层形成。

简介：Manyresearchershaveconcludedthatlongerlifeexpectanciespromptincreasedinvestmentineducation,asaprolongedlaborsupplyraisestherateofreturnoneducation.Besidesexplainingtheempiricalevidencebehindthisconclusion(atanabsolutelevel),thereisanotherissuetobediscussed:doestimespentstudyingandworkingincreaseproportionallywithhigherlongevity?Buildingonanextendedlife-cyclemodel,thispapershowsthatprolongedlifeexpectancywillcauseindividualstoincreasetheirtimeineducationbutmaynotwarrantrisesinlaborinput.Laterweshowthathigherimprovementrateoflongevityratherthaninitiallifeexpectancywillpromoteeconomicgrowth,evenweexcludethemechanismofhumancapitalformation,andonlyconsidergrowtheffectsofhigherimprovementrateoflifeexpectancyfromphysicalcapitalinvestment.

简介：ＲＯＯＦＯＦＴＨＥＷＯＲＬＤ：ＦｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｃｅｎｉｃＷｏｎｄｅｒｓ￥／／ＹＡＮＧＹＩＣＨＯＵＱｏｍｏｌａｎｇｍａｒｉｓｅｓｓｏｍｅ８，８４８．１３ｍｅｔｅｒｓａｂｏｖｅｓｅａｌｅｖｅｌ，ｔｏｗｅｒｉｎｇｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｌｉｋｅａ...

简介：ThewholechemicaletchingprocessonaP-typepolycrystallinesiliconsubstratewithresistivity1-2Ω·cmisdescribed.Theformationmechanismofporouspolycrystallinesilicon(PPS)microstructurewasinvestigated.ThosehowtheinitialpitswereformedandanuniformmorphologyofPPSwasobtainedareexplained.Twotypesofetchingmechanismwerecharacterizedasdefectcontrolreactionanddiffusioncontrolreaction.ThemorphologyformedaftertheisotropicacidicsolutionetchingwithdifferentetchingtimeandHF/HNO3concentrationwascomparedwiththeeffectofthesameetchingprocessafteranisotropicalkalineetching.Thestudyshowedthatthethicknessofporouspolycrystallinesiliconlayerwithchemicalacidicetchingentirelydependedontheexistenceofvarioustypesofdefects.

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简介：Tectonicoreformationisthercsultoftcctonicmovementincombinationwithore-formingmaterjalmovementintheprecessofcru8talevolutlonandtectonicdevelopmcnt.Oreformationjsconditionedbythelawgovcrningmobile-8tabletransformationincrustalcvolutionshowsanorderinmetallogenicevo-lution,regionaidistributionofgolddepo

简介：Inthepast,peopledidnotrealizetheformationandstructureofgalaxies.Theyevenmistooktheblackholeshiddeninthecenterofagalaxyasindependentcelestialobjects,makingblackholesmysteriousandunbelievable.Itwasonlyaftertheauthorstudiedanddiscoveredthelawsoftheformationandevolutionofsatellites,planetsandstarsthatheputforwardthescientifictheoryofgalaxyformationandevolution,thereforerevealingthehierarchicalstructureofgalaxyandtheexistenceandcharacteristicsofblackholesasthemainnodesofgalacticstructure.

简介：Hydraulicmechanismofrillformationwasstudiedtheoreticallyandexperimentally.Itwasassumedthattheimpactofvariedboundaryonoverlandflowresultsinfluctuatingofwatersurface,andshockwavesthatmaycontributetotheformationofrills.Boththeoreticalderivationandlaboratoryexperimentswereusedtocomparethehydrauliccharacteristicsofflowswithandwithoutshockwaves.Resultsshowedthatshockwavescanleadtoanincreaseinflowdepth,flowvelocity,andturbulenceintensity.Consequently,flowshearstressorstreamenergyincreasedramaticallyandrillheadcutsmayoccurwhereshockwavesconverge.

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简介：在极的同温层的云(PSC)的液体和稳固的粒子被知道了在迟了的冬季和早春在南极和北极区域上在同温层的臭氧的化学损失起一个关键作用。同温层的喷雾器和云粒子提供快异构的化学反应把不活跃的卤素水库种类变换成消灭激进分子的潜在的臭氧的地点。氮的酸包含的PSCparticles的沉积不可逆转地把HNO_3气体(denitrification)从更低的平流层移开，它减缓氯的回来到它的不活跃的形式，导致更多的严重同温层的臭氧破坏。尽管这些云在在situ领域观察，实验室实验和当模特儿的研究使用的过去的十年期间广泛地被调查了，在冷同温层的条件下面的详细微视物理学过程仍然是不明确的。这篇论文在我们PSC的理解考察最近的进展。