简介:QuantumdispersionsofvarioussetsofdynamicalvariablesofanopenBose-Hubbardsysteminaclassicallimitarestudied.Tothisend,anopensystemisdescribedintermsofstochasticevolutionofitsquantumpurestates.Itisshownthattheclassofvariablesthatdisplayclassicalbehaviourcruciallydependsonthetypeofnoise.Thisisrelevantinthemean-fieldapproximationofopenBose-Hubbarddynamics.
简介:Weinvestigateaone-dimensionaltwo-componentsysteminanopticallatticeofattractiveinteractionsunderaspindependentexternalpotential.Basedonthedensity-matrixrenormalizationgroupmethods,weobtainitsphasediagramasafunctionoftheexternalpotentialimbalanceandthestrengthoftheattractiveinteractionthroughtheanalysisonthedensityprofilesandthemomentumpaircorrelationfunctions.Wefindthattherearethreedifferentphasesinthesystem,acoexistedfullypolarizedandFulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov(FFLO)phase,anormalpolarizedphase,andaBardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer(BCS)phase.Differentfromthesystemsofspin-independentexternalpotential,wheretheFFLOphaseisnormallyfavoredbytheattractiveinteractions,inthepresentsituation,theFFLOphasesareeasilydestroyedbytheattractiveinteractions,leadingtothenormalpolarizedortheBCSphase.
简介:Background:Forestscontributetohumanwellbeingthroughtheprovisionofimportantecosystemservices.Methods:Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedhowtheperceivedimportanceofecosystemservicesmayimpacttheoverallbenefitprovidedbymanagedwatershedsattheHubbardBrookExperimentalForestovera45-yearperiod,usingstandardizedmeasuresofservicecapacityweightedbyserviceimportanceweightsderivedfromasurveyofbeneficiaries.Results:Thecapacityofwatershedstoregulatewaterflowandqualitywashighinallwatershedsthroughoutthestudyperiod,whereasculturalservicessuchasscenicbeautydeclinedafterharvest.Impactsongreenhousegasregulationdependedontheefficiencywithwhichharvestedbiomasswasused.Surveysrevealedthatstakeholdersplacedhighvalueonallecosystemservices,withregulatingandculturalservicesseenasmoreimportantthanprovisioningservices.Whenservicemetricswereweightedbysurveyresponsesandaggregatedintoasinglemeasure,totalserviceprovisionfollowedthesameoveralltrendasgreenhousegasregulation.Wherebiomassusewaslessefficientintermsofgreenhousegasemissions,harvestingresultedinanoverall'ecosystemservicedebt';whereusewasmoreefficient,this'ecosystemservicedebt'wasreduced.Beneficiaries'educationalbackgroundssignificantlyaffectedoverallassessmentofserviceprovision.Beneficiarieswithcollegeoruniversitydegreesincurredsmaller'ecosystemservicedebts'andwerelessnegativelyaffectedbyharvestingoverall.Conclusions:Thisstudyhighlightstheimportanceofincludingempiricalmeasuresofbeneficiarypreferencewhenattemptingtoquantifyoverallprovisionofecosystemservicestohumanbeneficiariesovertime.
简介:模型的验证是指对模型的性能指标(区分度、校准度)进行考察的过程。根据考察过程中是否使用预测模型的开发队列数据,模型验证可分为内部验证和外部验证。内部验证是检验模型开发过程的可重复性,常见形式包括随机拆分验证、交叉验证、Bootstrap重抽样以及“内部-外部”交叉验证。外部验证考察的是模型的可移植性和可泛化性,常见形式包括时段验证、空间验证以及领域验证。
简介:资本资产定价模型(CAPM)和套利定价理论(APT)是关于资本市场均衡的两个比较著名的模型。二种模型虽然在解释的角度、基本很设、方法、以及适用范围上均有重大区别,但是殊途同归,它们得出的结论是一致的:期望收益与风险之间存在着正相关的关系。