简介：Pseudo-randomnumbergeneratorshavealwaysbeenimportantinexperimentaldesign,computersimulation,cryptographyandstatisticalanalysis.Thispaperpresentsamethodofcomparingthedegreeofindependenceexhibitedbyvariousrandomnumbergenerators,aprocedure,basedonconsiderationofthelargest(inmodulus)non-uniteigenvalueoftheobservedMarkovtransitionmatrix,isusedtoassessthe'randomness'ofarandomnumbergenerator.

简介：　　A final respect in which China and Vietnam have differed from some of the Centraland East European states is that the two Asian nations do not have any historicallegacy of political democracy.In this they stand in contrast to a country suchas the Czech Republic,as occurred in China's Cultural Revolution.The greater collegialityof the national leadership in Vietnam facilitated a less antagonistic transitionto reform-oriented leaders in the 1980s than in China,both China and Vietnam possessed less fully-developedlabour markets in urban areas than was common in Eastern Europe.Whereas employeesin the European socialist nations were accustomed to switching jobs in quest ofbetter opportunities（in the USSR during the 1970s and early 1980s

简介：whereas Vietnam began reforms in an effortto pull the country back from the brink of a looming disaster.,Experiences of China and Vietnamì,　　The papers that follow help to identify both those aspects in which shifts arecountry-specific and those that are common to both countries as they attempt toreform their systems.But while a casual observer might jump to the conclusion thatwherever these reform programs are very similar Vietnam must be taking its leadfrom China's experience

简介：　　Any such comparisons between the reform programs in Vietnam and China also raisehistorical questions.To what extent are any similarities today a consequence ofsimilar historical traditions and mind-sets and predispositions that stretch backinto earlier centuries,moving away from the commandeconomy and toward a market economy in their publicly-owned industrial sectors,pairs composed of a China specialist and a Vietnamspecialist should collaborate on some of the topics.

简介：Vietnam and China did hold to a distinctively,their histories were unlikethe raft of East and Central European countries that were occupied by the Red Armyat the close of World War II.The two Asian Communist parties came to symbolizenational identity and thus enjoyed a status and source of legitimacy that in Europewas comparatively weak.In a country like Poland,the two Asian socialist countrieshad shared in a rhetoric of nation-building and

简介：Traditionalbiomechanicalanalysesofhumanmovementaregenerallyderivedfromlinearmathematics.Whilethesemethodscanbeusefulinmanysituations,theydonotdescribebehaviorsinhumansystemsthatarepredominatelynonlinear.Forthisreason,nonlinearanalysismethodsbasedonadynamicalsystemsapproachhavebecomemoreprevalentinrecentliterature.Theseanalysistechniqueshaveprovidednewinsightsintohowsystems(1)maintainpatternstability,(2)transitionintonewstates,and(3)aregovernedbyshort-andlong-term(fractal)correlationalprocessesatdifferentspatio-temporalscales.Thesedifferentaspectsofsystemdynamicsaretypicallyinvestigatedusingconceptsrelatedtovariability,stability,complexity,andadaptability.Thepurposeofthispaperistocompareandcontrastthesedifferentconceptsanddemonstratethat,althoughrelated,thesetermsrepresentfundamentallydifferentaspectsofsystemdynamics.Inparticular,wearguethatvariabilityshouldnotuniformlybeequatedwithstabilityorcomplexityofmovement.Inaddition,currentdynamicstabilitymeasuresbasedonnonlinearanalysismethods(suchasthefinitemaximalLyapunovexponent)canreveallocalinstabilitiesinmovementdynamics,butthedegreetowhichtheselocalinstabilitiesrelatetoglobalposturalandgaitstabilityandtheabilitytoresistexternalperturbationsremainstobeexplored.Finally,systematicstudiesareneededtorelateobservedreductionsincomplexitywithaginganddiseasetotheadaptivecapabilitiesofthemovementsystemandhowcomplexitychangesasafunctionofdifferenttaskconstraints.

简介：Photovoltaicsarecurrentlyrecognizedasatoprankingtechnologyamongthenewenergies.Photovoltaicshavethepotentialtoeventuallymakeaconsiderablecontributiontothepowergenerationcapacityintheworl,especially,intheindustrializedcoutries.GoodaccomplishmenthasbeenobtainedinthecostreductionofPVsystems,forexamplein1974,systemscost(100-150)$/W.In1981,suchsystemscostlessthan(10-30)$/W,andnowtheycostlessthan5$/W.However,moreR&Deffortsarestillnecessary,toachievelarge-scalecost-effectiveprouctionofPVsystemstomakeitcompetitivewithdieselgenerationofelectricity,althoughPVsystemshaveproventobecompetitiveinruralandremoteareas.Inthispaper,anoverviewonhighefficiencysolarcelltechnologicswilllbepresented.

简介：

简介：Afeasiblemethodofcombiningtheconceptoffluorescencehalf-lifeandthepowerdependentphoto-bleachingrateforcharacterizingthepracticalphotostabilityoffluorescentproteins(FPs)wasintroduced.Furthermore,byusingafluorescentphotostabilitystandard,arelativecomparisonofthephotostabiltyofFPsfromdifferentresearchgroupswasproposed,whichwouldbeofgreatbenefitfordevelopingnovelFPswithoptimizedemissionwavelength,betterbrightness,andimprovedphotostability.Weusedrho-damineBasanexampletoverifythismethodandevaluatethepracticalphotostabilityofafar-redFP,mKate-S158C.Experimentalresultsindicatedgoodpotentialofthismethodforfurtherstudy.

简介：Systemsofphotosyntheticreactioncentreshavebeenmodelledasheatengines,whileithasalsobeenreportedthattheefficiencyandpowerofsuchheatenginescanbeenhancedbyquantuminterference—atraitthathasattractedmuchinterest.Wecomparetwodefinitionsoftheworkofsuchaphotosyntheticheatengine,i.e.definitionAusedbyWeimeretal.andBbyDorfmanetal.Wealsointroduceacoherentinteractionbetweendonorandacceptor(CIDA)todemonstrateareversibleenergytransport.Weshowthatthesetwodefinitionsofworkcanimpartcontradictoryresults,thatis,CIDAenhancesthepowerandefficiencyofthephotosyntheticheatenginewithdefinitionBbutnotwithA.Additionally,wefindthatbothreversibleandirreversibleexcitation-energytransportcanbedescribedwithdefinitionA,butdefinitionBcanonlymodelirreversibletransport.Asaresult,weconcludethatdefinitionAismoresuitableforphotosyntheticsystemsthandefinitionB.

简介：在古典统计，菲希尔信息在它是在概率密度的空间公制的实质上唯一的单调Riemannian的意义是唯一的。Inquantum理论，这唯一垮掉，并且有菲希尔信息，二个特别版本由他们的直觉、参考的意义在之中区分自己的许多自然的量类似物：首先，它在斜信息的起源在量测量的上下文在1963介绍了byWigner和Yanase，并且是经由密度操作员的方形的根的deSned。第二从Helstrom产生“s在1967量察觉学习，并且经由对称的对数的衍生物被定义。这篇论文的目的是比较量菲希尔信息的这二个版本，并且建立联系他们的二参考不平等。

简介：

简介：

简介：

简介：长期的subduralhematoma(CSDH)的外科的管理仍然是的目的因为不清楚的病原的机制，一个争论问题，和标准治疗没在CSDH被建立。这份报纸的意愿是为CSDH发现一个简单、有效的外科的过程。有由外科的治疗的CSDH的448个病人的回顾的研究在2005～2009期间被进行以便比较在二个不同主要外科的方法之间的效率的方法，即没有在组A(n=178)和有在组B(n=270)的灌溉的一辘辘声洞的灌溉的扭曲练习排水。结果统计上被分析。操作在组A和组B评估的结果分别地是7.9%和11.9%。好结果率是88.8%和75.5%，复杂并发症分别地在组A和组B是7.9%和20.7%。结论有hematoma洞的灌溉的辘辘声洞排水不对结果和预后有益。灌溉不在为CSDH的外科的治疗是重要的。因此在起始的治疗，因为它相对安全、节省时间、划算，没有hematoma洞的灌溉的扭曲练习排水被推荐。

简介：Theconceptof'urbanizationoncityandtownlevel'isanexpressionofChineseversion,oramainlandunderstandingofChina.However,cityandtownareonthedifferentlevels.Inthelightofcensus'measureson'citypopulation'and'townpopulation',thepapertriestoanalyzepopulationsizeanditschangeonboth'city'and'town'levels;tocomparethedifferentpopulationdensityandtheireffect;toobservethemobilepopulationbetween'city'and'town'level,andtheiragestructure.Thepapertriestoexplaintwodemographiceffectsfrom'city'and'town'levelsonthecourseofChineseurbanization.

简介：

简介：

简介：Basedonshift-sharemethod,thisarticleemploysregionalshare,structuralshiftandcompetitiveshifttoanalyzethestructuralbenefitandcompetitivepositionofagriculturalstructureinwesternChinabycomparingwithagriculture,foresting,stockbreedingandfishingbeforeandafterConversionofFarmlandtoForestandGrassland(CFFG).Thenauthorsdrawfollowingconclusion:whileCFFGprogramhasbeenputinpractice,theagriculturalstructureinwesternChinahassometypicalcharacteristics,suchasgrowthfaster,structuralpredominanceobviousandmorecompetitive.Butthecontributivenessfromthecompetitionisnottoomuchyet,andthestructuralbenefitofforestestateandstockbreedingarerestrained.

简介：‘Stent对stent’研究是被设计与以前同意的相比显示出新stent图案的优势的一种使随机化的试用。这些研究被规章的机构通常使用，例如美国食物药品管理局(食物及药品管理局)，到表示同意到新stent图案。有这些临床的试用的问题是他们的高费用和困难。在这份报纸，为‘stent对stent’的一种数字选择复杂临床的研究被介绍。一个有限元素模型被开发在冠的stent放置以后在结果上调查stent设计的影响。二商业地可得到的stents(NIR和多连接stents)被建模，他们的行为以压力分发在推广期间被比较，光线的获得，外部直径变化并且节略。而且，狭窄率上的stent设计的效果被在动脉以内比较压力分发调查。在stented动脉的动脉的墙压力的分析显示多连接stent设计原因与slotted试管NIR设计相比与局部性的stenotic损害降低应力到一个动脉粥样硬化患者容器。有观察临床的狭窄的调查结果相互关联与多连接stent设计相比在NIR评估狭窄率，它更高报导了。