简介：AbstractBackground:While malaria morbidity and mortality have declined since 2000, viral central nervous system infections appear to be an important, underestimated cause of coma in malaria-endemic Eastern Africa. We aimed to describe the etiology of non-traumatic comas in young children in Benin, as well as their management and early outcomes, and to identify factors associated with death .Methods:From March to November 2018, we enrolled all HIV-negative children aged between 2 and 6 years, with a Blantyre Coma Score ≤ 2, in this prospective observational study. Children were screened for malaria severity signs and assessed using a systematic diagnostic protocol, including blood cultures, malaria diagnostics, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis using multiplex PCR. To determine factors associated with death, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results:From 3244 admissions, 84 children were included: malaria was diagnosed in 78, eight of whom had a viral or bacterial co-infection. Six children had a non-malarial infection or no identified cause. The mortality rate was 29.8% (25/84), with 20 children dying in the first 24 h. Co-infected children appeared to have a poorer prognosis. Of the 76 children who consulted a healthcare professional before admission, only 5 were prescribed adequate antimalarial oral therapy. Predictors of early death were jaundice or increased bilirubin [odd ratio (OR)= 8.6; 95% confidential interval (CI): 2.03–36.1] and lactate > 5 mmol/L (OR= 5.1; 95% CI: 1.49–17.30). Antibiotic use before admission (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.02–0.85) and vaccination against yellow fever (OR= 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05–0.79) protected against mortality.Conclusions:Infections were found in all children who died, and cerebral malaria was by far the most common cause of non-traumatic coma. Missed opportunities to receive early effective antimalarial treatment were common. Other central nervous system infections must be considered in their management. Some factors that proved to be protective against early death were unexpected.

简介：Malariainhumansiscausedbyfourspeciesofprotozoanpara-sites-Plasmodiumfalciparum,P.vivax,P.ovaleandP.malariae.Approximatelyone-thirdoftheworld'spopulationliveinmalarialendemicareas.Eachyear,thereareabout250millionclinicaleasesworldwide,withamortalityinfaleiparummalariaofabout2million,predominantlyinyoungMrieanchildren.IntheUK,about2000easesarenotifiedeachyearandthemortalityis1-2%.

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简介：Form1980to1994,thenumberofinfectionofmalariaimportedintoChinawas2,603amongthepersonnelwhohadgoneabroadandtheinfectionratewas8.38percent.Thenumberofpeoplediedfrommalariawas41andthecasefatalityratewas1.58percent.Thearmymenandtrafficengineeringpersonnelwerethepeoplewhohadthehighestinfectionrate,whichwere78.57percentand54.97percent.Civilbuildersandagrotechnicalpersonnelcametothesecond,whoseinfectionratewere37.15percentand35.94percent.Theconstituentratiostransmittedwere97.69percentfromAfrica,2.19percentfromAsia,howeveronly0.12percentfromAmericaandEurope.Themalariaimportedbytheincomingforeignpeoplebadbeenfoundin148cases,andtheperniciousmalarialcaseswere71.62percent.Thesemalarialcases,andtheperniciousmalarialcaseswere71.62percent.Thesemalarialcasesweretransmittedfrom15AsianandAfricancountries.Nowwewouldliketomakeasyntheticallyanalysisonthesituationofmalariadeathcasesinthisessay,andwehavemadeacomparisonbetweenthemalariaIFAT(IndiredtFluorescenceAntibodyTest)andthesmearofthemalarialdiagnosis,whichcanshowthatⅠ-FATtakesanimportantpartinavoidingmisjudgingofmalarialdiagnosis.Inaddition,wewouldliketooffersomeusefulsuggestionsofprotectionfromit.

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简介：AbstractMalaria was once one of the most serious public health problems in China, with more than 30 million malaria cases annually before 1949. However, the disease burden has sharply declined and the epidemic areas has shrunken after the implementation of an integrated malaria control and elimination strategy, especially since 2000. Till now, China has successfully scaled up its efforts to become malaria-free and is currently being evaluated for malaria-free certification by the WHO. In the battle against malaria, China’s efforts have spanned generations, reducing from an incidence high of 122.9/10 000 (6.97 million cases) in 1954 to 0.06/10 000 (7855 cases) in 2010. In 2017, for the first time, China reached zero indigenous case of malaria, putting the country on track to record three consecutive years of zero transmission by 2020, accoding to the National Malaria Elimination Action Plan (2010-2020). China’s efforts to eliminate malaria is impressive, and the country is dedicated to sharing its lessons learned in malaria elimination-including, but not limited to, the application of novel genetics-based approaches—with other nations through new initiatives. China will promote international relationships and establish collaborative platforms on a wide range of topics in roughly 65 countries, including 20 African nations. China’s experience in applying innovative genetics-based approaches and tools to characterize malaria parasite populations, including surveillance of markers related to drug resistance, categorization of cases as indigenous or imported, and objective identification of the likely sources of infections to inform efforts towards malaria control and elimination in Africa could offer game-changing results when applied to settings with ongoing transmission.

简介：Twenty-oneyearsaftermalariaantigenswerefirstclonedavaccinestillappearstobealongwayoff.Therehavebeenperiodsofgreatexcitementandinmodelsystemssubunitvaccinehomologuescaninducerobustprotection.However,significantchallengesexistconcerningantigenicvariationandpolymorphism,immunologicalnon-respons-ivenesstoindividualvaccineantigens,parasite-inducedapoptosisofimmuneeffectorandmemorycellsandimmunedeviationasaresultofmaternalimmtmityandalterationsofdendriticcellfunction.

简介：Cerebralischemianotonlycausespathologicalchangesintheischemicareasbutalsoinducesaseriesofsecondarychangesinmoredistalbrainregions(suchasthecontralateralcerebralhemisphere).Theimpactofsupratentoriallesions,whicharethemostcommontypeoflesion,onthecontralateralcerebellumhasbeenstudiedinpatientsbypositronemissiontomography,singlephotonemissioncomputedtomography,magneticresonanceimaginganddiffusiontensorimaging.Inthepresentstudy,weinvestigatedmetabolitechangesinthecontralateralcerebralhemisphereaftersupratentorialunilateralischemiausingnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy-basedmetabonomics.Thepermanentmiddlecerebralarteryocclusionmodelofischemicstrokewasestablishedinrats.Ratswererandomlydividedintothemiddlecerebralarteryocclusion1-,3-,9-and24-hourgroupsandtheshamgroup.~1Hnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopywasusedtodetectmetabolitesintheleftandrightcerebralhemispheres.Comparedwiththeshamgroup,theconcentrationsoflactate,alanine,γ-aminobutyricacid,cholineandglycineintheischemiccerebralhemispherewereincreasedintheacutestage,whiletheconcentrationsofN-acetylaspartate,creatinine,glutamateandaspartateweredecreased.Thisdemonstratesthatthereisanupregulationofanaerobicglycolysis(shownbytheincreaseinlactate),aperturbationofcholinemetabolism(suggestedbytheincreaseincholine),neuronalcelldamage(shownbythedecreaseinN-acetylaspartate)andneurotransmitterimbalance(evidencedbytheincreaseinγ-aminobutyricacidandglycineandbythedecreaseinglutamateandaspartate)intheacutestageofcerebralischemia.Inthecontralateralhemisphere,theconcentrationsoflactate,alanine,glycine,cholineandaspartatewereincreased,whiletheconcentrationsofγ-aminobutyricacid,glutamateandcreatinineweredecreased.Thissuggeststhatthereisadifferenceinthemetabolitechangesinducedbyischemicinjuryinthecontral

简介：疟疾继续在今天的世界上施加巨大的使用费，引起约4亿个盒子并且每年在1-2之间杀死百万个人。大多数疟疾负担在非洲由国家被忍受。为这个原因，为在这个大陆的疟疾的主要向量，疟蚊属gambiae，在强烈学习下面。随这重要向量的草稿顺序的结束，努力是在进行之中的开发新奇控制策略。一个有希望的区域是利用这蚊子种的天生的免疫的力量堵住疟疾寄生虫的传播。最近的研究表明了那使用费和Imd发信号小径和另外的免疫相关的基因(编码蛋白质可能在识别或作为受动器分子工作)在天生的免疫的二只不同手臂起重要作用：感染紧张的水平和变形体oocysts的melanization。在未来的挑战是理解这些不同基因的功能怎么对疟疾寄生虫在防卫被协调，并且如果天生的免疫的不同手臂是跨regulated或协调。

简介：目的：探讨局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠病理学改变以及针刺的干预作用。方法：采用线栓法建立缺血再灌注模型，应用“醒脑开窍”针法并通过电镜与光镜来观察缺血侧大脑皮层形态结构的变化。结果：脑缺血再灌注可引发大鼠脑神经元、胶质细胞、毛细血管等结构损伤，针剌可改善脑缺血周围区超微结构损伤。并且发现在3h时间点给予针刺干预较其他时间点理想。结论：针刺对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑神经细胞超微结构损伤具有保护作用。在3h内给予针刺干预可以收到满意的效果。

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简介：ThirtyWistarratswererandomlyandevenlydividedintocontrolgroup,cerebralischemiagroupandischemia+electroacupuncture(EA)group.Thebilateralcommoncarotidarterieswereoccludedtoinduceacutecerebralischemia.Nitricoxide(NO)andendothelin(ET)contentsinthecerebraltissuesandbloodweremeasuredundernormalcondition,immediatelyafterischemiaandfollowingEA.ResultsshowedthatafteracutecerebralischemiaNOandETcontentsinthecerebraltissuesincreasedsignificantly(P<0.01)whileserumETincreasedandserumNOloweredobviously(P<0.05).FollowingEAofBaihui(GV20)andDazhui(GV14),bothNOandETincerebraltissuesandserumturnedtonormalbasically.ItshowedthatEAcouldprotectthecerebraltissuesfrominjuryinducedbyischemia,NOandETmightparticipateinthemodulationprocessofEA.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetheunderlyingneurobiologicalmechanismoftheprotectiveeffectofelectroacupuncture(EA)duringcerebralischemia-reperfusion(CI-R).Methods:Inthefirstpartofthestudy,15SDratswereevenlyrandomizedintocontrolgroup,CI-R-48hmodelgroupandCI-R-48h+EAgroup.ThecorticalapoptosisandexpressionofBcl-2andBaxproteinsineachgroupweredetectedbyflowcytometer(FCM).Inthesecondpartofthestudy,75SDratswereevenlyrandomizedintocontrol,CI-R-3min,CI-R-3min+EA,CI-R-48handCI-R-48h+EAgroups.Corticalnorepinephrine(NE)concentrationwasdetectedbyfluorescencespectrometer.CI-Rmodelwasestablishedbyocclusionofthebilateralcommoncarotidarteriesandreperfusion.EA(4～16Hz,1～3V)wasappliedafterreperfusionrespectively.Results:Inthefirstpartofthisstudy,resultsindicatedthatthenumberoftheapoptoticneuronsandtheapoptosisrateofCI-R-48hgroupweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseofcontrolgroup;whilecomparisonbetweenCI-R-48h+EAandCI-R-48hgroupsshowedthatthenumberoftheapoptoticneuronsandtheapoptosisrateoftheformergroupweresignificantlylowerthanthoseofthelatergroup(P<0.05).Incomparisonwithcontrolgroup,afterCI-48h,Baxexpressionwasup-regulatedsignificantlyandBcl-2down-regulatedmarkedly(P<0.05).ComparisonbetweenCI-R-48handCI-R-48h+EAgroupindicatedthatBaxexpressionofthelatergroupwassignificantlylowerthanthatoftheformergroup,whileBcl-2expressionofCI-R-48h+EAgroupwassignificantlyhigherthanthatofCI-R-48hgroup(P<0.05),suggestingthatEAcouldreverseCIinducedreactionsofthesetwoindexes.Inthesecondpartofthestudy,incomparisonwithcontrolgroup,NEconcentrationincerebralcortexofCI-R-3mingroupincreasedsignificantly(P<0.05);whileNEcontentofCI-R-3min+EAgroupwassignificantlylowerthanthatofCI-R-3mingroup(P<0.05).NosignificantdifferencewasfoundbetweenCI-R-3mingroupandcontrolgroupincorticalNEl

简介：AbstractBackground:The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused substantial disruptions to health services in the low and middle-income countries with a high burden of other diseases, such as malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on malaria transmission potential in malaria-endemic countries in Africa.Methods:We present a data-driven method to quantify the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), could lead to the change of malaria transmission potential in 2020. First, we adopt a particle Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to estimate epidemiological parameters in each country by fitting the time series of the cumulative number of reported COVID-19 cases. Then, we simulate the epidemic dynamics of COVID-19 under two groups of NPIs: (1) contact restriction and social distancing, and (2) early identification and isolation of cases. Based on the simulated epidemic curves, we quantify the impact of COVID-19 epidemic and NPIs on the distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Finally, by treating the total number of ITNs available in each country in 2020, we evaluate the negative effects of COVID-19 pandemic on malaria transmission potential based on the notion of vectorial capacity.Results:We conduct case studies in four malaria-endemic countries, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zambia, in Africa. The epidemiological parameters (i.e., the basic reproduction number R0 and the duration of infection DI) of COVID-19 in each country are estimated as follows: Ethiopia (R0 = 1.57, DI = 5.32), Nigeria (R0 = 2.18, DI = 6.58), Tanzania (R0 = 2.47, DI = 6.01), and Zambia (R0 = 2.12, DI = 6.96). Based on the estimated epidemiological parameters, the epidemic curves simulated under various NPIs indicated that the earlier the interventions are implemented, the better the epidemic is controlled. Moreover, the effect of combined NPIs is better than contact restriction and social distancing only. By treating the total number of ITNs available in each country in 2020 as a baseline, our results show that even with stringent NPIs, malaria transmission potential will remain higher than expected in the second half of 2020.Conclusions:By quantifying the impact of various NPI response to the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria transmission potential, this study provides a way to jointly address the syndemic between COVID-19 and malaria in malariaendemic countries in Africa. The results suggest that the early intervention of COVID-19 can effectively reduce the scale of the epidemic and mitigate its impact on malaria transmission potential.

简介：Theretrospectinvestigationfor127returnedChineselaborserviceswhoworkedinGabonwerecarriedout,andmalariabloodsmear,bloodserumtestwerecarriedout.Therewere32workersgotmalaria,theproportionwas25.2percent.Forthreeofthepatients,themalarialparasitetestpresentedpositivereaction,andthesuperintendenceofquarantinedoctor,theywereisolatedtocure.Duringthethreepatientshadanothersufferingfrommalariafever,theytookantimalariamedicine,theirsymptomwasimproved,thecourseofdiseasewasreduced,andthecurativeaffectwasobvious.FortheChineselaborserviceswhogototheseriousmalariacountry,itisimportantthatthehealthprotectionoftravelmedicineshouldbedonewell.

简介：Objective:Toobservetheeffectofacupunctureonimagesinautismchildren.Methods:Atotalof27casesofautismchildrenweresubjectedintothisstudy.ByusingaSPECT,thecerebralimageswerecollectedbeforeandafteracupuncturetreatmentandanalyzedaccordingtotherecommendedmethodsinforassessingthestateofbloodflow,radioactivityquantitydistributionandradioactivitycountinbilateralhemispheres.'JIN'sthree-needling'wasemployed.Theacupuncturetreatmentwasgivenonceeveryotherday,with4monthsbeingatherapeuticcourseandanintervalofonemonthbetweentwocourses.Results:Afteracupuncturetreatment,ofthe22cases,20hadremarkableimprovementand2hadimprovementincerebralbloodflow,withthetotaleffectiverateofimprovingcerebralbloodflowbeing90.8%.Beforethetreatmentthereweresignificantdifferencesbetweentheleftandrightcerebrum(P<0.001),andbetweentheleftandrightfrontallobesinradioactiveareas(P<0.01);however,aftertreatment,nodifferenceswerefoundbetweenthem(P>0.05).Aftertreatment,theradioactivitycountinthewholebraindecreasedsignificantlyincomparisonwiththatofpretreatment(P<0.01).Itindicatestheimprovementofcerebralbloodflowandcellularmetabolismafterthetreatment.Conclusion:Acupumctureconsignificantlyimprovecerebralbloodflowinautismchildren.

简介：Objectives:Toexploretheeffectofacupunctureoncerebralinfarctioninratsandtotryprovidingsomeexperimentalparametersforclinicalpractice.Methods:27healthyWistarratswererandomlydividedintopseudo-operation(n=10),model(n=8)andacupuncture(n=9)groups.Neuro-functionaldefectscoring,apoptosisofsinglebrainsliceandthenumberofbcl-2immuno-reaction(IR)-positiveneuronsinCA1areaofthehippocampuswereusedastheindexestoinvestigatethepossiblemechanismsofacupunctureof'NieSanZhen'(needlingthreeacupointsinthetemporalregion)and'SiShenZhen'(needlingfouracupointsintheocciputregion)intreatingratswithcerebralinfarction.Results:Thereexistedsignificantdifferencesbetweenacupuncturegroupandmodelgroupinimprovingneurologicfunctionalactivities,inhibitingapoptosisofthebraincellsandincreasingbcl-2IR-positiveneuronsinthehippocampalCA1area(P＜0.01).Conclusion:Acupuncturetherapycanimprovecerebralinfarctionintheratbysuppressingapoptosisandup-regulationofthebcl-2IR-positiveneuronexpression.

简介：Objective:Toimprovethediagnosisandtreatmentofseverecerebralfatembolism(SCFE).Methods:ThedataofninepatientswithSCFEwereretrospectivelyanalyzed.Themanifestationsofthecentralnervesystem,respiratorysystemandhemorrhagewererecorded,atthesametime,accessoryexaminationincludingarterialoxygen,fatmacroglobulesinvenousbloodandimageexaminationwasadapted.Thepatientsweretreatedwithexopexy,pharmocotherapyandoxygentherapy.Results:Twooftheninepatientsdiedofseverecomplications,theothersevenrecoveredwithoutseveresequela.Conclusions:GurdstandardshouldbeimprovedforearlydiagnosisofSCFE.Ifsverecomplicationscanbeprevented,patientswhoreceiveearlytreatmentwillhavefavourableprognosis.

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