简介:Excessivenitrogen(N)fertilizerapplicationtowinterwheatisacommonproblemontheNorthChinaPlain.TodeterminetheoptimumfertilizerNrateforwinterwheatproductionwhileminimizingNlosses,fieldexperimentswereconductedfortwogrowingseasonsateightsites,inHuiminCounty,ShandongProvince,from2001to2003.TheoptimumNrateformaximumgrainyieldwasinverselyrelatedtotheinitialsoilmineralNcontent(Nmin)inthetop90cmofthesoilprofilebeforesowing.TherewasnoyieldresponsetotheappliedNatthethreesiteswithhighinitialsoilmineralNlevels(average212kgNha-1).TheaverageoptimumNratewas96kgNha-1forthefivesiteswithlowinitialsoilNmin(average155kgNha-1)beforesowing.ResidualnitrateNinthetop90cmofthesoilprofileafterharvestincreasedwithincreasingfertilizerNapplicationrate.TheapparentNlossesduringthewheat-growingseasonalsoincreasedwithincreasingNapplicationrate.TheaverageapparentNlosseswiththeoptimumNrateswerelessthan15kgNha-1,whereasthefarmers'conventionalNapplicationrateresultedinlossesofmorethan100kgNha-1.Therefore,optimizingNuseforwinterwheatconsiderablyreducedNlossestotheenvironmentwithoutcompromisingcropyields.
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简介:Oxygenisotopefractionationbetweencoexistingmineralsinslowlycooledrocksconveysinformationabouttheircoolinghistory.Byusingthefastgrainboundary(FGB)modeltosimulateclosed-systemdiffusiveexchangeofoxygenisotopesbetweencoexistingminerals,Ishowthattheapparentequilibriumtemperatures(Tae)bythemineralpairwiththelargestisotopicfractionation(PLIF)alwaysliesbetweentheclosuretemperatures(Tc)ofthosetwominerals.Therefore,whentherateofoxygendiffusionandhenceTcforthePLIFchancetobecomparable(suchasinthecaseofquartzandmagnetite),TaewillserveasagoodapproximationofTcregardlessofvariationinmineralproportions.ThespecialtyofthePLIFinconstrainingTaewithintheirTcrangecanbegeneralizedtootherstableisotopesystemsandelementpartitioning.ByapproximatingTcwithTaeandinvertingDodson'sequation,thecoolingrateofplutonicormetamorphicrockscanbeinferred.
简介:Asmanycountrieshaveenteredanewperiodofadjustmentanddevelopmentalcompetitioninthewakeofthefinancialcrisis,someprofoundchangesandtransformationshaveinevitablytakenplaceintheinternationalstrategicconfigurationandtheinternationalorder.AstheconnotationsandconditionsofChina’snew
简介:Thispaperisconcernedwiththemodelingofrandomnessinmultiscaleanalysisofheterogeneousmaterials.Morespecifically,aframeworkdedicatedtothestochasticmodelingofrandompropertiesisfirstintroduced.Aprobabilisticmodelformatrix-valuedsecond-orderrandomfieldswithsymmetrypropertries,recentlyproposedintheliterature,isfurtherreviewed.AlgorithmsadaptedtotheMonteCarlosimulationoftheproposedrepresentationarealsoprovided.Thederivationsandcalibrationprocedurearefinallyexemplifiedthroughthemodelingoftheapparentpropertiesassociatedwithanelasticporousmicrostructurecontainingstochasticinterphases.
简介:Asglobaltemperaturesincreaseanddissolvedoxygen(DO)contentdecreasesinmarinesystems,indicesassessingsedimentDOcontentinbenthichabitatsarebecomingincreasinglyuseful.Onesuchmeasureisthedepthtotheapparentredoxpotentialdiscontinuity(aRPD),atransitionofsedimentcolorthatservesasarelativemeasureofsedimentDOcontent.WeexaminedspatiotemporalvariationofaRPDdepth,andthenatureoftherelationshipsbetweenaRPDdepthandbiotic(infaunaandepibenthicpredators)andabioticvariables(sedimentproperties),aswellastheavailabilityofresources(chlorophyllaconcentration,andorganicmattercontent)intheintertidalmudflatsoftheBayofFundy,Canada.aRPDdepthvariedsignificantlythroughspaceandtime,andacombinationofbiotic(sessileanderrantinfauna,aswellasepibenthicpredators),andabiotic(exposuretimeofaplot,sedimentparticlesize,penetrability,andwatercontent)variables,aswellastheavailabilityofresources(sedimentorganicmattercontent,andchlorophyllaconcentration)werecorrelatedwithaRPDdepth.Assuch,knowledgeofbothbioticandabioticvariablesarerequiredforaholisticunderstandingofsedimentDOconditions.AbioticvariableslikelydictateasuiteofpotentialaRPDdepthconditions,whilebiotaandresourceavailability,viabioturbationandrespiration,stronglyinfluencetheobservedaRPDdepth.AsDOconditionsinmarinesystemswillcontinuetochangeduetoglobalclimatechange,elucidatingtheserelationshipsareakeyfirststepinpredictingtheinfluencedecreasingDOcontentmayhaveuponmarinebenthos.&2017InternationalResearchandTrainingCentreonErosionandSedimentation/theWorldAssociationforSedimentationandErosionResearch.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
简介:BasedonthewaveformdataobservedbytheregionalseismicnetworkofGansuProvince,wecalculatedtheapparentstressof422earthquakeswithM_L≥2.0occurringinthesurroundingareaoftheMinxianearthquakefromJanuary2010toJuly2014andobtainedthetemporalandspatialvariationofapparentstressbeforeandaftertheMinxianearthquake.Resultsshowthat(1)thehighvalueofapparentstressofearthquakeswithM_L≥4.0wasconcentratedintheepicenterareabeforetheMinxianearthquakewhilethatofearthquakeswithM_L<4.0wasnot;(2)ApparentstressaroundtheepicenterareashowedanobviousincreasingprocessbeforetheMinxianearthquakeandtheincreasingprocesshascontinuedafterthemainshock,whichmeansthatthisstudyareaisstillinthedangerofstrongearthquakes.