简介:<正>建立地理信息系统需要大量数字信息。迄今为止,多数与大地相关的数据库仍然依赖于用人工将现存线划地图数字化的方法。为了更快更精确地获取数字信息,应使用新的制图传感器,开发一种安装在移动车辆上的综合系统,实现“联机”生成数字地图。我们称其为“实时地图”。美国俄亥俄大学制图中心已经设计、安装并展示了许多综合动态制图系统。其中最成功的一种被称为GPS—Van系统。它是由美国联邦高速公路部、38个州的交通机构和一些公司倡议研制的。基本配置由绝对定位系统、相对定位装置和地理信息系统属性数据采集器件三部分组成。1、硬件构成GPS—Van的绝对定位系统是由两台测量型GPS接收器(Trimble4000ST)组成。一台为基地站,安装在已知点上,另一台为流动站,安装在车上。当卫星信号阻断时,由“里程推算”系统替代。它包含两个陀螺和一个计数装置。两个陀螺分别设置为水平方向的和垂直方向,用来测量水平角变化(方向)和确定俯仰及横滚角(垂直),即量测相对于汽车轴的倾斜情况。另外在汽车的前轮闸皮处安装了一个磁性邻近探测器,用来计量轮转的次数。这些探测器共同测定GPS—Van的绝对位置和它在任意时刻的具体位置。
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