简介:Amodelforsimulatingcadmiumtransportinasoil-plantsystemwasbuiltusingacommercialsimulatingprogramnamedPowersimonthebasisofinput-outputprocesseshappeninginthesoil-plantsystem.COnvectiveanddispersivetransportprocessesofcadmiuminsoilprofileareembedded.Simulationsonadailybasehavebeendoneuptoatotalsimulatingtimeof250years,Resultsshowthatapplicationsofsewagesludgeandfertilizeratthesimulatedrateswouldonlycauseslightcadmiumaccumulationsineachlayerofthesoil,andcadmiumaccumulationwouldbelevellingoff,reachinganequilibriumconcentrationslayerbylayerdownwardaftercertaintime.Thetimescaletoreachanequilibriumconcentrationvariesfrom10yearsforthetopthreelayerstoover250yearsforthebottomlayers.Plantcadmiumuptakewouldincreasefrom52umm^-2underinitialsoilcadmiumconcentrationsto65ugm^-2underequilibriumsoilcadmiumconcentrations,whichwouldnotexceedthemaximumallowablecadmiumconcentrationinwheatgrains.Mainparameterswhichinfluencecadmiumaccumulationandtransportinsoilaretotalcadmiuminput,rainfall,evaporation,plantuptakeandsoilproperties.
简介:Methaneoxidationbypaddysoilsinaclosedsystemcouldbesimulatedbytheequationx=k1xo/(k1+k2x0)exp(k2t)-k2x0wherex0andxaretheCH4concentrationsattimezeroandt,respectively;k1andk2areconstantsrelatedtotheconstantoffirst-order-kinetics.AccordingtotheequationthechangeofsoilabilitytooxidizeCH4couldbeestimatedbytheequationAc=k2/k1(x0-x)x0k2/k1-1.TheresultsshowedthatthesoilabilitytooxidizeCH4varied,dependingontheinitialCH4concentration.HighinitialCH4concentrationstimulatedsoilabilitytoconsumeCH4,whilelowconcentrationdepressedtheablility.Thischaracteristicofpaddysoilseemedtobeofconsiderablesignificancetoself-adjustingCH4emissionfromfloodedricefieldsifthereexistoxicmicrositesinthesoil.
简介:Amini-plotfieldexperimentwasconductedonaloamyclayOxisoltocompareandevaluatePabsorptionandtransferinplantorgansandPmovementinsoilprofileatthreePapplicationdepthsunderthesoybean-citrusintercroppingversusthemonocultureusinga32Ptracertechnique.TotalPabsorption(Pt)bysoybeanandPaccumulation(Pa)insoybeanorgansdecreasedsignificantly(P<0.05)undertheintercroppingincontrasttothemonoculture.Withintercropping,when32Pwasappliedintopsoil(15cmsoillayer),total32Pabsorption(32Pt)insoybeanswassignificantlylower(P<0.05),butwhen32Pwasappliedtodeepersoillayers(35or55cmsoillayer),32Ptinsoybeanswassignificantlygreater(P<0.05).ThepercentageofPinleavestototalP(Pa/Pt)and32Pinleavestototal32P(32Pa/32Pt)forsoybeanwere(?)25%andthoseofroot(?)12%.WhenPwasappliedintopsoiland55cmsoillayer,nosignificantdifferenceswerefoundbetweenintercroppingandmonocultureforPtofcitrus.ThePabsorbedbycitruswastransferredrapidlytothegrowingorgansofabovegroundduringtheexperiment,andthespeedoftransferringtothegrowingorgansslowedwhenPwasappliedtothedeepersoillayers.Inintercropping,Pmobilitywasheightenedinthesoilprofile,andPindeepersoillayersmoveduptotopsoilmorerapidly.
简介:化肥氮(N)的高率在东南的中国在温室蔬菜地里被使用最大化生产;然而,如此的集中的蔬菜生产的N预算尚待被探索。这研究的目标是以五N(脲)应用程序率(0,348,522,696,和870kgNha1year1)在西红柿,黄瓜,和芹菜的年度旋转的一个温室蔬菜系统决定年度N平衡和损失。到050厘米土壤层的全部的N输入从531~1053kgha1,并且N化肥是主要N来源,为全部的年度N输入的66%83%的财务。在比较,总共的灌溉水,湿免职,和种子占了不到1%全部的N输入。化肥N使用效率仅仅在870kgNha1的常规申请率下面是18%并且当申请率从522~870kgNha1增加了,减少了。明显的N损失是196201kgNha1,71%86%被以522870kgNha1的申请率沥滤失去。因此,沥滤是以高N申请率的主要N损失小径,N的数量沥滤与在黄瓜季节期间使用的N成正比。而且,溶解器官的N说明了10%沥滤的N,而NH3挥发仅仅在五N下面贡献了明显的N损失的0.1%0.6%,申请在这个温室蔬菜系统评价。
简介:RedsoilisaveryimportantsoilresourceinsouthernChina.However,duetobeingsimultaneouslyofhighproductivepotentialitiesandseverelydegraded,itneedsharnessingurgently.RedSoilResourceInformationSystem(RSRIS)basedonremoltesensingandgeographicinformationsystem(GIS)playsanimportantroleinsurvey,evaluation,utilziationandmanagementofredsoilresource.RSRISofQuzhouCity,ZhejiangProvince(1:250000)andRSRISofLongyouCounty,ZhejiangProvince(1:50000)havebeenmaderespectivelyonSUNSPARCstationandusingRC/INFO.Thispaperintroducesthesystemdesign,databsecreationandsystemfunctions,anditparticularlyfocusesondevelopingappliedmodels,suchasredsoilresourcedivisonandmapping,suitabilityevaluation,erosionriskevaluation,plantutilizationzoneetc.TheproblemsonstudyofRSRISanditsdevelopingstrategyarealsodiscussed.
简介:Changesofsoilorganicnitrogenformsandsoilnitrogensupplyundercontinuousricecroppingsystemwereinvestigatedinalong-termfertilizationexperimentinJinhua,ZhejiangProvince,China.ThefertilizertreatmentsincludedcombinationofP-K,N-K,N-P,andN-P-Kaswellasthecontrol.Aftersixyearsofcontinuousdouble-ricecropping,totalsoilNandhydrolysableNcontentsremainedstableinplotswithNtreatments,whilethehydrolysableNcontentsweresubstantiallyreducedinthoseplotswithoutNapplication.Comparedtotheunbalancedfertilizationtreatments,PandKincreasedthepercentageofhydrolysableammoniumNinthetotalsoilNwiththebalancedapplicationofN,andalsomaintainedhigherricegrainyieldsandnitrogenuptake.GrainyieldwaspositivelycorrelatedwithtotalNuptake(r=0.875**),hydrolysableN(r=0.608**),hydrolysableammoniumN(r=0.560**)andthehydrolysableunknownN(r=0.417**).TotalNuptakewaspositivelycorrelatedwithhydrolysableN(r=0.608**),hydrolysableammoniumN(r=0.440**)andhydrolysableunknownN(r=0.431**).Soilnutrientdepletionand/orunbalancedfertilizationtoricecropreducedNcontentinsoilmicrobialbiomass,andthereforeincreasedC/Nratio,suggestinganegativeeffectonthetotalmicrobialbiomassinthesoil.
简介:polyolefin涂的脲的有效性(Meister-5和Meister-10;CU)在小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)玉米(ZeamaysL.)旋转系统在为收割季节的三连续maize-wheat-maize位于北方中国平原的溶度计阴谋被学习。一个同位素的方法被用来把CU的命运比作非涂的脲(NCU)的,并且N申请0,100,150和225kgNha−1评价被评估。结果证明CU的氮使用效率(15NUE)是比为第一庄稼的NCU的大的13.3%–21.4%。或者,当差别方法被使用时(明显的NUE),没有重要变化在所有三个季节在处理之中被观察。尽管无机的N从1.3m层沥滤,不到1%总数被使用N,15N的未辩别出的损失(=15N作为化肥–15N使用了的15N的损失由留在0–0.2m层–15N的庄稼–15N吸收了从1.3m层沥滤)在对待CU的阴谋是24.2%–26.5%比那些低对待NCU的阴谋。在在实验的结束的CU阴谋的0–1.3m层的硝酸盐集中是53%比对待NCU的阴谋的低。因此,CU从化肥增加了庄稼N举起并且减少了应用N的未辩别出的损失,它能减少地下水污染的风险。
简介:印射土壤硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)的空间分发是重要的指导氮申请以及估计沥滤进地下水的NO3-N的环境风险。我们采用了univariate和混合geostatistical方法在东北佛罗里达越过一处风景印射土壤NO3-N的空间分发。土壤样品从四深度增长被收集(030,3060,60120和120180厘米)基于土壤,土地使用和举起阶层从用成层的随机识别并且嵌套采样的147个采样地点设计。在二层是的顶的土壤NO3-N分布空间地,汽车相关并且印射使用木头正常kriging。为NO3-N预言的环境关联模型用线性、非线性的回归方法被导出,并且采用了开发NO3-N趋势地图。陆地使用和它从卫星形象导出的相关变量作为重要变量被识别用环境关联模型预言NO3-N。当木头正常kriging生产了顺利变化的地图时,从环境关联模型导出的趋势地图产生了空间地异构的地图。趋势地图与趋势模型剩余的平常的kriging预言被相结合开发回归kriging预言地图,它给了最好的NO3-N预言。因为土地使用和遥远地察觉到的数据是容易地可得到的并且有大部分,与地相比的更好的空间分辨率取样了土壤,我们的调查结果基于为风景的使用和遥远地察觉到的数据放大土壤NO3-N印射的土地建议了环境关联模型的功效。实现的方法论为在另外的风景土壤NO3-N印射是可转让的。
简介:Integrationofsoilinformationsystem(SIS)andinteractiveself-organizingdata(ISODATA)wasstudiedtoestablishproperagriculturaldevelopingzonesinredsoilregionofsouthernChinawhichareofcrucialimportancetofarmers,researchers,anddecisionmaderswhileutilizingandmanagingredsoilresources.SIScreatedbyusingARC/INFOwasusedtoprovidedataacquisition,systematicmodelparameterassignment,andvisualdisplayofanalyticresults.Topography,temperature,soilcomponent(e.g.,organicmatterandpH)andconditionofagriculturalproductionwereselectedasparametersofISODATAmodel.TakingLongyouCounty,ZhejiangProvinceasthecasestudyarea,theeffectoftheintegrationandrecommendationsarediscussedforfutureresearch.
简介:Thelowremovaleffciencyoftotalnitrogen(TN)isoneofthemaindisadvantagesoftraditionalsinglestagesubsurfaceinfiltrationsystem,whichcombinesananaerobictankandasoilfilterfield.Inthisstudy,afull-scale,two-stageanaerobictankandsoiltrenchsystemwasdesignedandoperatedtoevaluatethefeasibilityandperformancesintreatingsewagefromaschoolcampusforoveraone-yearmonitoringperiod.Therawsewagewaspreparedandfedintothefirstanaerobictankandsecondtankby60%and40%,respectively.Thisnovelprocesscoulddecreasechemicaloxygendemandwiththedichromatemethodby89%-96%,suspendedsolidsby91%-97%,andtotalphosphorusby91%-97%.Thedenitrificationwassatisfactoryinthesecondstagesoiltrench,sotheremovalsofTNaswellasammonianitrogen(NH+4-N)reached68%-75%and96%-99%,respectively.ItappearedthattheremovaleffciencyofTNinthistwo-stageanaerobictankandsoiltrenchsystemwasmoreeffectivethanthatinthesinglestagesoilinfiltrationsystem.Theeffuentmetthedischargestandardforthesewagetreatmentplant(GB18918-2002)ofChina.
简介:为了探讨茅台水源功能区不同林分类型的土壤养分效应,对茅台水源功能区马尾松林、柏木林和马尾松+柏木混交林3种针叶林土壤养分制征进行研究。结果表明:不同针叶林土壤平均养分存在一定的差异,其中有机质、碱解氮、速效钾质量分数均表现为柏木林〉马尾松+柏木混交林〉马尾松林,有效磷质量分数表现为马尾松+柏木混交林〉马尾松林〉柏木林,而全氮质量分数则表现为马尾松+柏木混交林〉柏木林〉马尾松林。统计分析表明:马尾松林和柏木林及马尾松+柏木混交林的有机质、碱解氮质量分数及pH值差异显著(P〈0.05),柏木林与马尾松+柏木混交林的全氮质量分数和pH值差异也显著(P〈0.05),而3种针叶林的有效磷和速效钾质量分数均不存在显著性差异(P〉0.05)。相关分析表明:全氮质量分数、有机质质量分数、碱解氮质量分数、pH值相互之间均呈显著性相关,而速效钾质量分数则与全氮、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷质量分数呈显著性相关。另外,参照土壤养分等级评价标准发现:3种针叶林的有效磷和有机质质量分数较高,均在丰富以上;速效钾质量分数则较低,均在中等以下;其他养分则在很丰富和缺乏之间。
简介:Soilqualityassessmenthasbeensuggestedasaneffectivetoolforevaluatingsustainabilityofsoilandcropmanagementpractices.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastodevelopasensitivesoilqualityindex(SQI)basedonbulkdensity(BD),water-holdingcapacity(WHC),water-stableaggregates(WSA),aggregatemeanweightdiameter(AMWD),totalorganicC(TOC)andCinputtoevaluatetheimportantrice-wheatcroppingsystemonanInceptisolinIndia.Along-termexperimenthasbeenconductedfor18yearsattheIndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch-IndianInstituteofFarmingSystemsResearch,Modipuram,India.Thetreatmentsselectedforthisstudywerecomprisedofano-fertilizercontrolandN,PandKfertilizers(NPK)combinedwithZnandSfertilizers(NPK+Zn+S),farmyardmanure(NPK+FYM),greengramresidues(NPK+GR)andcerealresidues(NPK+CR),laidoutinarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwiththreereplications.SoilsampleswerecollectedandanalyzedforBD,WHC,WSAandTOC.Correlationanalysisrevealedthatbothriceandwheatyieldssigni?cantlyincreasedwiththeincreasesinAMWD,TOCandCinput,butdecreasedwiththeincreaseinBD.TheSQIvalueswerethengeneratedbasedonregressionanalysisofBD,WSA,AMWD,TOCandCinputwithriceandwheatyieldsforthe0–15and15–30cmsoillayers,respectively.RegressionanalysesbetweencropyieldsandSQIvaluesshowedaquadratictypeofrelationwiththecoeffcientofdetermination(R~2)varyingfrom0.78to0.89.Withregardtosoilsustainability,applyingcropresiduestobothriceandwheatcouldmaintainsoilqualityforalongerperiod,whereasthehighestyieldsofboththecropswererecordedintheNPK+Zn+Streatment.Theregressionequationsdevelopedinthisstudycouldbeusedtomonitorsoilqualityinasubhumidtropicalrice-wheatcroppingsystem.
简介:以苏南丘陵区杉木、马尾松、栎林、毛竹等4种林分土壤为研究对象,研究了该区域内不同林分类型土壤层的水文效应。结果表明:不同林分类型土壤的蓄水能力、渗透性能均存在着一定的差异,其中毛竹林地土壤蓄水能力最好,为2096t/hm^2,渗透性能也以毛竹林最好,为17.56mm/min;通过测定4种林地土壤的入渗速率与入渗过程,对其入渗曲线进行拟合,得出土壤渗透速率与渗透时间呈乘幂函数关系,复相关系数为0.93-0.97,说明方程拟合效果较好,可以较好地描述各林地的土壤入渗过程;土壤理化因子与土壤渗透性能的相关分析显示研究区土壤渗透性能受多个因素影响,其中土壤非毛管孔隙度、有机质含量与土壤初渗、稳渗速率相关性最高,为首要影响因素;基于主成分分析,各样地土壤综合水文效应优劣依次为:毛竹〉栎树〉杉木〉马尾松。
简介:开挖面广泛存在于各种类型的生产建设项目用地,对其进行分类,是构建开挖面土壤流失量测算模型和方法、指导生产建设项目用地开挖面水土流失监督执法的基础.以我国东部水蚀区为背景,通过对东北黑土区、北方土石山区、西南土石山区及南方红壤区内多个不同类型生产建设项目用地开挖面的实地调查,在总结分析水蚀区开挖面特征及水土流失特性的基础上,构建了开挖面分类体系.体系划分为3个层次:第1层次按照开挖面质地与物质组成,把开挖面分为均质面和非均质面;第2层次根据开挖面上方有无来水,把开挖面分为无汇水影响开挖面和有汇水影响开挖面;第3层次按照开挖面形成的时间,把开挖面分为非稳定面和稳定面.该分类体系,不仅打破了现行工程边坡分类中区域性和行业性的界限,而且为开挖面土壤流失量测算模型和方法构建奠定了基础.最后,对分类体系在土壤流失测算中的应用提出了建议.
简介:通过对红竹林、云南甜竹林、混交林和裸露地的定点定位观测研究,结果表明,裸露地地表径流最大,土壤侵蚀模数达20094.572t/kim^2·a,为剧烈侵蚀,而其他3种林地土壤侵蚀量都在允许侵蚀范围内,不同林分类型具有“上拦下蓄,层层防护”的水土保持功能。在统计期内,不同林分类型增加涵养水源效益值为0.790—0.932万元/hm^2不等;红竹林、云南甜竹和混交林的保肥效益分别为1.470万元/hm^2、0.863万元/hm^2和1.725万元/hm^2;3种林分固持土壤的效益值为0.216万元/hm^2左右,其综合效益分别为2.477万元/hm^2、1.877万元/hm^2和2.874万元/hm^2.
简介:PhysiographyandsoilinMaeRimwatershed,ChiangMaiProvince,Thailandwereinvestigatedbyusingaerialphotographsandsatelliteimageinconjunctionwithfieldwork,andsoilinfiltrationrateandsoilshearresistanceweremeasuredinfield.ManyfactorsaffectingrunoffwereanalyzedusigtheIntegratedLandandWaterInformaitonSystem(ILWIS).Asaresult,amodeldeterminingfloodhazarwassetup.Threempsincludingrunoffcurvenumbermap,runoffcoefficentmap,andfloodinumdationmapwerecreated,Inaddition,thetimeofconcentrationwaspredicted.
简介:采用1种遥感影像和单纯的监督分类方法,在黄土丘陵沟壑地区的土地利用调查中,难以获得高精度的土地利用数据.为解决此问题,以陕北无定河流域为研究区,以主成分变换的方法,对多源遥感影像(TM多光谱数据和SPOT全色波段数据)进行融合处理;同时,在分类中,采用监督分类与非监督分类相结合的混合分类法,改进训练样本选取方法,先以非监督分类获得初始训练样本,在对样本进行删除、增补、合并等调整的基础上,再进行监督分类.2种方法的结合使用,使土地利用信息自动提取的精度明显提高.与仅以TM影像为信息源,采用单纯监督分类法的分类结果对比可知:土地利用各类别的提取精度都有不同程度的提高,分类总精度从82.0%提高到89.2%;水体、水田和城镇用地等面积较小类别的精度,提高了10%以上;坡耕地与林草地的混分现象明显减少,精度均提高了5%以上,取得了良好的分类效果.研究结果为陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用变化动态监测,提供了重要的技术支持和借鉴.