简介：Thequestforneuroprotectivedrugstoslowtheprogressionofneurodegenerativediseases(NDDs),includingAlzheimer'sdisease(AD),Parkinson'sdisease(PD),andHuntington'sdisease(HD),hasbeenlargelyunrewarding.Preclinicalevidencesuggeststhatrepurposingquetiapine,lithium,valproate,fluoxetine,donepezil,andmemantineforearlyandpre-symptomaticdisease-modificationinNDDsmaybepromisingandcanspareregulatorybarriers.Theliteratureofthesepsychotropicsinearlystageandpre-symptomaticAD,PD,andHDisreviewedandpropitiousfindingsfollow.Mildcognitiveimpairment(MCI)phaseofAD:salutaryhumanrandomizedcontrolledtrialfindingsforlow-doselithiumand,inselectedpatients,donepezilawaitreplication.Pre-symptomaticAD:humanepidemiologicaldataindicatethatlithiumreducesADrisk.Animalmodelstudies(AMS)revealencouragingresultsforquetiapine,lithium,donepezil,andmemantine.EarlyPD:valproateAMSfindingsshowpromise.Pre-symptomaticPD:lithiumandvalproateAMSfindingsareencouraging.EarlyHD:uncontrolledclinicaldataindicatenon-progressionwithlithium,fluoxetine,donepezil,andmemantine.Pre-symptomaticHD:lithiumandvalproateareauspiciousinAMS.Manyotherpromisingfindingsawaitingreplication(valproateinMCI;lithium,valproate,fluoxetineinpre-symptomaticAD;lithiuminearlyPD;lithium,valproate,fluoxetineinpre-symptomaticPD;donepezilinearlyHD;lithium,fluoxetine,memantineinpre-symptomaticHD)arereviewed.Dose-andstage-dependenteffectsareconsidered.Suggestionsforsignal-enhancementinhumantrialsareprovidedforeachNDDstage.

简介：Neurotrophicfactorscompriseessentialsecretedproteinsthathaveseveralfunctionsinneuralandnon-neuraltissues,mediatingthedevelopment,survivalandmaintenanceofperipheralandcentralnervoussystem.Therefore,neurotrophicfactorissuehasbeenextensivelyinvestigatedintothecontextofneurodegenerativediseases.Alzheimer'sdiseaseandParkinson'sdiseaseshowchangesintheregulationofspecificneurotrophicfactorsandtheirreceptors,whichappeartobecriticalforneuronaldegeneration.Indeed,neurotrophicfactorspreventcelldeathindegenerativeprocessesandcanenhancethegrowthandfunctionofaffectedneuronsinthesedisorders.Basedonrecentreports,thisreviewdiscussesthemainfindingsrelatedtotheneurotrophicfactorsupport–mainlybrain-derivedneurotrophicfactorandglialcellline-derivedneurotrophicfactor–inthesurvival,proliferationandmaturationofaffectedneuronsinAlzheimer'sdiseaseandParkinson'sdiseaseaswellastheirputativeapplicationasnewtherapeuticapproachforthesediseasesmanagement.

简介：

简介：Alzheimer’sdisease(AD)isoneofthemostdevastatingdiseasesaffectingthelifeandhealthofagingpopulation.TwohallmarksofADaresenileplaquesandneurofibrillarytangles,andADiswellknownforthemassivelossofneuronsandimpairedcognitivefunctionsespeciallymemoryloss.Despiteextensivesearchforeffectivetreatment,available

简介：S100蛋白是一种分子量较小（10～12ku）的EF-手型钙结合蛋白，通过对钙离子的调节及与靶蛋白的相互作用，在体内发挥多种生物学作用．在细胞增殖、分化，肌肉收缩、基因表达、分泌及细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用。1965年Moore等首先在牛脑组织中发现S100蛋白，因其在中性饱和硫酸铵中100％溶解而得名。现已发现S100蛋白家族成员20个，S100B蛋白为其中一员，

简介：Thereceptorforadvancedglycationendproducts(RAGE)isareceptoroftheimmunoglobulinsuperfamilyofcellsurfacemoleculeswhichplaysimportantcontributionsunderbothphysiologicalandpathologicalconditions.OvertheyearsextensiveresearchworksupportedthedetrimentalroleofRAGEinAlzheimer’sdisease(AD)pathophysiology,rangingfromitsinvolvementinbetaamyloid(Aβ)braininfluxandclearance,

简介：缺血性卒中仍是当今社会威胁健康的主要疾病，它是我国引起死亡以及残疾的重要原因。S100B是与神经系统紧密相关的蛋白，它在缺血性卒中过程中可以发挥神经毒作用，诱导神经元以及星形胶质细胞凋亡。临床试验发现，S100B的水平与缺血性卒中患者病灶面积大小和预后有关。由于S100B在中枢神经系统的生物学特性，提示它可能在将来作为一项诊断卒中的生物标记物。

简介：BACKGROUND:Itisdifficulttoattractinterestinnon-compulsory,preventive,medicalcare,andpersonsdiagnosedwithcertaindiseasesoftenignoretheexistenceofthesediseases.However,Huntington'sdisease(HD)isanexception.OBJECTIVE:ToqualitativelyanalyzefactorsmotivatingHDpatientstoparticipateinastudy,namelytheEuropeanHuntington'sDiseaseNetwork(EHDN)REGISTRY.DESIGN,TIMEANDSETTING:AnobservationalsurveywasconductedintheEHDNStudySiteinPoznan,Polandbetween2007and2008.PARTICIPANTS:Thestudyinvolved22personsaffectedwithHDand3pre-symptomaticindividuals,totaling9malesand16females.The24participantsinthisstudyhad24differentcaregivers.Atotalof25symptomaticorpre-symptomaticsubjectsparticipatedintheinitialREGISTRYvisit,aswellas6inthesecond,and1inthethird.Allsubjectsdidnotknoweachotherpriortothevisit.METHODS:AmutationintheIT15genewasconfirmedineachpatientorpre-symptomaticmutationcarrier.Anin-depthinterviewproduceddetailedinformationontheHDpatients,aswellasthecaregivers,fortheREGISTRYstudy.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:AqualitativeanalysisofthefactorsmotivatingHDpatientsandthepre-symptomaticmutationcarrierstoparticipateintheREGISTRYlongitudinal,observational,researchprojectwasperformed.RESULTS:TheprimarymotivatingfactorforinvolvementofHDpatientsandthecaregiversintheREGISTRYstudywasthehopethataneffectiveHDtherapywouldsoonbediscovered.InHDpatientsandthepre-symptomaticgroup,theresponsetoparticipateintheREGISTRYprojectreached100%,despitethefactthattheyknewtheprojectwasonlyanobservationalstudy.CONCLUSION:Patienthopeisthoughttobeafactorforengaginginpreventive,therapeuticactivities.However,thisisrarelymentionedinmedicalpapersandclinicaltextbooks,andisusuallyoverlookedinmedicalteaching.Clearly,effortsshouldbemadetoincludethisinclinicalpractice.

简介：目的：研究脑肿瘤手术前后血清S100B蛋白水平的改变，并分析其与患者临床资料的相关性，评估血清S100B对术后脑损伤的反映能力。方法30例胶质瘤、28例脑膜瘤和15例听神经瘤患者于手术前（入院时）、手术后第1d、第3d、第7d分别采集血清；同时记录患者手术时长、肿瘤WHO级别、肿瘤体积、脑水肿体积、KPS等临床资料。设正常对照组33例，采集单次血清。用双抗体夹心法ELISA检测血清S100B含量。将手术前后血清S100B水平进行重复测量方差分析；将血清S100B水平与手术时长、肿瘤体积等临床资料进行相关性分析。结果术前血清S100B水平在各脑肿瘤组之间的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05），胶质瘤组、脑膜瘤组则高于正常对照组（均P＜0．05）。术后第1d、第3d血清S100B含量无明显改变（P＞0．05），术后第7d时高于手术前水平（P＜0．05），这种趋势在3个脑肿瘤组之间并无差别。在胶质瘤组中，术后第3、7d血清S100B含量与术后脑水肿体积呈正相关（均P＜0．05）；术后第1d、第3d血清S100B含量与胶质瘤病理级别呈正相关（均P＜0．05）。在听神经瘤组中，手术前、术后第3d血清S100B含量与听神经瘤肿瘤体积呈负相关（均P＜0．05），术后第7d血清S100B水平与手术时长呈正相关（P＜0．05）。脑膜瘤组内未见任何相关性。结论血清S100B对脑肿瘤切除术后的脑损伤反映较差，其含量升高可能与损伤后神经修复活动有关。血清S100B含量与胶质瘤的病理级别、术后脑水肿程度有一定的相关性，与听神经瘤体积及手术时长存在相关性。脑肿瘤术前血清S100B升高可能反映了肿瘤对脑实质的压迫损伤。

简介：目的研究红藻氨酸（KA）致痫大鼠海马S100B、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）的表达及病理改变。方法雄性SD大鼠按照完全随机数字表法分成对照组（8只）和模型组（40只），模型组再根据处死时间分为造模后6h、12h、24h、72h、1周5个亚组，每组8只。模型组采用KA建立颞叶癫痫动物模型，对照组用等体积生理盐水代替KA注射。模型组造模后6h、12h、24h、72h、1周．对照组注射后24h取大鼠海马组织行Niss1染色、Timm染色和免疫组化染色，观察S100B、CGRP蛋白的表达情况以及海马神经元和胶质细胞的病理变化。结果Nissl染色结果显示，模型组大鼠1周后CA3区出现大量固缩的坏死神经元，胞体萎缩，尼氏体消失。Timm染色结果显示，模型组大鼠1周后CA3区始层出现条带状分布的棕色颗粒，齿状回内分子层亦可见少量棕色颗粒。免疫组化染色结果显示，模型组大鼠海马CGRP蛋白大量表达，72h时达到高峰，同时伴随大量神经元丧失及胶质细胞增生。结论KA致痫大鼠出现S100B、CGRP蛋白高表达，尼氏体消失，苔藓纤维发芽等一系列病理学改变，推测S100B、CGRP蛋白参与了癫痫发生。

简介：Parkinsonsdisease(PD)isacommon,progressiveneurodegenerativediseasecharacterisedbydegenerationofnigrostriataldopaminergicneurons,aggregationofα-synucleinandmotorsymptoms.Currentdopamine-replacementstrategiesprovidesymptomaticrelief,howevertheireffectivenesswearoffovertimeandtheirprolongeduseleadstodisablingside-effectsinPDpatients.ThereisthereforeacriticalneedtodevelopnewdrugsanddrugtargetstoprotectdopaminergicneuronsandtheiraxonsfromdegenerationinPD.Overrecentyears,therehasbeenrobustevidencegeneratedshowingthatepigeneticdysregulationoccursinPDpatients,andthatepigeneticmodulationisapromisingtherapeuticapproachforPD.Thisarticlefirstdiscussesthepresentevidenceimplicatingglobal,anddopaminergicneuron-specific,alterationsinthemethylomeinPD,andthetherapeuticpotentialofpharmacologicallytargetingthemethylome.Itthenfocusesonanothermechanismofepigeneticregulation,histoneacetylation,anddescribeshowthehistoneacetyltransferase(HAT)andhistonedeacetylase(HDAC)enzymesthatmediatethisprocessareattractivetherapeutictargetsforPD.Itdiscussestheuseofactivatorsand/orinhibitorsofHDACsandHATsinmodelsofPD,andhowtheseapproachesfortheselectivemodulationofhistoneacetylationelicitneuroprotectiveeffects.Finally,itoutlinesthepotentialofemployingsmallmoleculeepigeneticmodulatorsasneuroprotectivetherapiesforPD,andthefutureresearchthatwillberequiredtodetermineandrealisethistherapeuticpotential.

简介：Propofolcaninhibittheinflammatoryresponseandreducethesecretionandharmfuleffectsofastrocyte-derivedproinflammatorycytokines.Inthisstudy,afterpropofolwasinjectedintotheinjuredsciaticnerveofmice,nuclearfactorkappaBexpressionintheL4-6segmentsofthespinalcordintheinjuredsidewasreduced,apoptosiswasdecreased,nervemyelindefectswerealleviated,andthenerveconductionblockwaslessened.Theexperimentalfindingsindicatethatpropofolinhibitstheinflammatoryandimmuneresponses,decreasestheexpressionofnuclearfactorkappaB,andreducesapoptosis.Theseeffectsofpropofolpromoteregenerationfollowingsciaticnerveinjury.

简介：目的分析脑震荡患者血清S100B含量变化与认知功能损害的相关性,探讨血清S100B水平在脑震荡认知障碍预后判断中的意义.方法采用酶联免疫法分别测定126例脑震荡患者急诊入院后6h、12h和第3天的血清S100B浓度,并和同期轻型单纯脑外伤患者比较.脑震荡患者常规治疗后,于入院后第1天、第14天及3个月后进行简易智能精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评估,将S100B浓度与MMSE评分进行相关性分析.结果入院6h、12h后脑震荡组患者血清S100B浓度均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.入院6h血清S100B浓度与各时段MMSE评分均具有相关性（P均＜0.05）;入院12h、第3天血清S100B浓度与各时段MMSE评分均无相关性（P均＞0.05）.结论脑震荡患者早期（6h）血清S100B含量异常升高,并与认知功能损害有明显相关性,可作为认知功能损害预后判断的重要指标.

简介：醒脑注射液即安宫牛黄丸注射液．本实验检测大鼠脑外伤模型使用醒脑注射液后的神经特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、S100B蛋白水平，评价其神经保护作用。

简介：目的研究急性液化石油气（LPG）中毒大鼠血清S100B和髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）的变化。方法健康雄性成年SD大鼠54只按随机数字表法分为正常对照组（n=6）、20％LPG中毒组（n=24）和50％LPG中毒组（n=24）。后2组大鼠分别吸人20％、50％LPG，对照组吸人等体积的空气。在中毒1、2、3、7d时每组取6只大鼠进行神经功能缺损评分（NSS），ELISA法检测血清样本S100B和MBP的含量。结果与正常对照组比较，20％LPG组中毒1d、50％LPG组中毒1d和2d时NSS评分均较高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；在1d和2d时，20％LPG组和50％LPG组大鼠血清S100B、MBP均高于正常对照组，且50％LPG组高于20％LPG组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；3d时50％LPG组血清S100B、MBP高于正常对照组和20％LPG组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；大鼠LPG中毒1d时NSS评分、血清S100B、MBP浓度最高，与其它时间点比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．0S），后随时间延长逐渐恢复。结论LPG中毒大鼠血清S100B和MBP同时升高，提示胶质细胞参与LPG中毒对神经系统的损害。

简介：

简介：BACKGROUND:ToevaluatethequalityoftheliteratureaddressingtraditionalChinesemedicinefortreatingParkinson'sdisease.DATASOURCE:Acomputer-basedonlinesearchofChinesepublicationsfromJanuary2001toJuly2008wasconductedinChineseBiologyMedicalDiscDatabaseandChinaNationalKnowledgeInfrastructure.SearchkeywordswereParkinson'sdisease,integratedtraditionalChineseandWesternmedicine,traditionalChinesemedicinetherapy,andChineseherbtherapy.DATASELECTION:Articlesdescribingrandomized,controlledtrialsandquasi-randomized,controlledtrialswereincluded.Literaturequalitywasassessedusingthecriteria-SystematicevaluationofclinicalliteraturerelatedtotreatmentofParkinson'sdiseasewithtraditionalChinesemedicine.Thisincludedmethodology,interventionsinthetreatment/controlgroup,evaluationcriterionofoutcomes,andfrequency.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Evaluationcriterionofoutcomes(variousscoremethodsandevaluationscales),methodologicalquality,andfrequencydistributionwereallmeasured.RESULTS:Atotalof33articleswithrandomized,controlledtrialswereincluded.Ofthese,sixdescribedarandommethod,andtheremainingdidnotdescriberandomallocationmethodsorrandomsequencegenerationmethods.Noneofthestudiesestimatedsamplesize.Casedescriptionsofwithdrawalandlosstofollow-upwereunclear.BoththeUnifiedParkinson'sDiseaseRatingScaleandWebsterscalewereusedintheeligiblestudiesasevaluationcriteria.CONCLUSION:Therearenohigh-qualitystudiesthataddresstraditionalChinesemedicinetherapyandintegratedtraditionalChineseandWesternmedicinefortreatingParkinson'sdiseaseinChina.EligiblestudieswerenotperformedinaccordancewithConsolidatedStandardsofReportingTrialsstatementorStandardsforReportingInterventionsinControlledTrialsofAcupuncturecriteria,andtheliteraturequalitywaslow.ThepresentlyusedcriteriaforevaluatingtherapeuticeffectsdonotcompletelyassessoutcomesoftraditionalCh

简介：目的分析颅脑损伤病人血清S-100B蛋白和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）与预后的相关性。方法测定112例颅脑损伤病人伤后不同时间点（伤后1d、2d、3d、5d、7d）血清S-100B蛋白和TNF-α表达水平,分析S-100B蛋白和TNF-α表达水平与GCS评分及预后的相关性。结果颅脑损伤各组S-100B和TNF-α水平明显升高（P〈0.05）,伤后3d达到高峰,5d以后逐渐下降,持续至伤后7d。不同程度颅脑损伤组S-100B在同一个伤后时间点比较,组间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。颅脑损伤程度越重,S-100B蛋白表达水平越高。不同程度颅脑损伤组TNF-α水平差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。颅脑损伤各组血清S-100B和TNF-α呈显著正相关（r=0.827、0.831、0.815、0.821,均P〈0.05）。颅脑损伤病人的S-100B蛋白含量和TNF-α与颅脑损伤严重程度成正相关,与GOS和GCS评分呈负相关（P〈0.05）。结论联合测定血清S-100B蛋白和TNF-α可作为判断颅脑损伤严重程度及预后的重要客观指标,且可区分不同程度的脑损伤,具有重要的临床应用价值。

简介：Parkinson’sdisease(PD)isanage-relatedneurodegenerativedisordercharacterizedbytypicalmotorsignsandsymptomsthatareduetodopamine(DA)depletioninthebasalganglia.ThetreatmentofPDissymptomatic,andaimsatreplacingthelostDAinputusingeitherL-DOPAorDAagonists.ThecausesofPDareunknownin

简介：SubthalamicnucleusdeepbrainstimulationhasbecomeastandardneurosurgicaltherapyforadvancedParkinson’sdisease.Subthalamicnucleusdeepbrainstimulationcandramaticallyimprovethemotorsymptomsofcarefullyselectedpatientswiththisdisease.Surprisingly,somespecificdimensionsofqualityoflife,"psychological"aspectsandsocialadjustmentdonotalwaysimprove,andtheycouldsometimesbeevenworse.Patientsandtheirfamiliesshouldfullyunderstandthatsubthalamicnucleusdeepbrainstimulationcanalterthemotorstatusandtimeisneededtoreadapttotheirnewpostoperativestateandlifestyles.Thispaperreviewstheliteraturesregardingeffectsofbilateralsubthalamicnucleusdeepbrainstimulationonsocialadjustment,qualityoflifeandcopingstrategiesinpatientswithParkinson’sdisease.ThefindingsmayhelptounderstandthepsychosocialmaladjustmentandpoorimprovementinqualityoflifeinsomeParkinson’sdiseasepatients.