简介:Over20yearsofresearchhasledtothenowwidelyacceptedroleofcardiacresynchronizationtherapy(CRT)inmedicallyrefractory,mildtoseveresystolicheartfailure(HF)withincreasedQRSduration.Inadditiontoconferringamortalitybenefit,CRThasbeenshowntoreduceHFhospitalizationratesandimprovefunctionalstatusinthispopulation.However,notallpatientsconsistentlydemonstrateapositiveresponsetoCRT.EffortstoimproveresponsetoCRThavefocusedonimprovingpatientselectionandoptimizingdeviceimplantationandfollow-up,therebycorrectingelectricalandmechanicaldyssynchrony.Inthisarticlewereviewthepathobiologyofcardiacdyssynchrony,therationalefortheuseofCRT,thehistoryandthestateoftheartofCRT,andguidelinesandrecommendationsforCRT,whilealsofocusingontheareasofcontroversyandpotentialfutureapplications.
简介:脑出血是指非外伤性脑实质内血管破裂引起的出血,其发病率和病死率居脑卒中之首。根据脑出血的部位,分为颅内动脉出血(ICH)和非颅内动脉出血(NICH),两者均可引起相应部位的神经功能缺失。脑出血是临床常见病和多发病,在我国每年约有200万人新发病例,并且有逐年增加的趋势。该病的致死率高达30%~40%,患者往往由于延误治疗而留下终身残疾。目前我国对脑出血的治疗尚无统一标准,主要以急性期脑出血治疗后1周内神经功能缺损情况及格拉斯哥预后评分为标准。临床上对患者的症状、体征及影像学表现等进行综合评估是判断预后的主要依据,在此基础上选择恰当的治疗方案是治疗成功的关键。本文将对脑出血分型、诊断以及临床治疗进行简单介绍,以期提高人们对脑出血的有进一步了解。