简介：The13November2016KaikouraearthquakeoccurredinthenortheasterncoastalregionoftheSouthIsland,NewZealand.TheMw7.8mainshockgeneratedacomplexpatternofsurfaceruptures,andwasfollowedwithinabout12hoursbythreemoderateshocksofMw≥6.0.HereweuseteleseismicwaveformstoinvertforthesourceruptureoftheKaikouraearthquake.Theresultingslip-distributionmodelexhibitsinsignificantslipnearthehypocenterandthreepocketsofmajorslipzoneswithdistinctsensesofmotion.Themainshockstartedfromarupturenearthehypocenter,grewintothrustonshallowcrustalfaults~50kmnortheastofthehypocenter,andthendevelopedintotwoslipzones:adeeperonewithobliquethrustandashalloweronewithalmostpurelyright-lateralstrike-slip.Locationsofthethrustandstrike-slipmotionsintheslip-distributionmodelagreewellwithreportedcoastalupliftsandhorizontaloffsets.Theoverallslippatternisdominatedbyhorizontalmotion,especiallyatshallowdepth,duetothepartitioningofthrustandstrike-slipmotionsabovethesubductionzonemegathrust.Aftershockdistributionsuggeststhatmostaftershockstendtooccurneartheedgesofthemajorslipzonesofthemainshock.Thisobservationonaftershocklocationsmayprovideusefulinformationforseismichazardassessmentsafterlargeearthquakes.

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简介：Amapoftheaverageatomicnumberoflunarrockandsoilcanbeusedtodifferentiatelithologyandsoiltypeonthelunarsurface.Thispaperestablishesalinearrelationshipbetweentheaverageatomicnumberoflunarrockorsoilandthefluxofpositionannihilationradiation(0.512-MeVgamma-ray)fromthelunarsurface.TherelationshipisconfirmedbyMonteCarlosimulationwithdatafromlunarrockorsoilsamplescollectedbyLuna(Russia)andApollo(USA)missions.AmapoftheaverageatomicnumberofthelunarrockandsoilonthelunarsurfacehasbeenderivedfromtheGamma-RaySpectrometerdatacollectedbyChang’e-1,anunmannedChineselunar-orbitingspacecraft.Inthemap,thehigheraverageatomicnumbers(ZA>12.5),whicharerelatedtodifferenttypesofbasalt,areinthemariaregion;thehighestZA(13.2)readingsareassociatedwithSinusAestuum.ThemiddleZA(~12.1)regions,intheshapeofirregularovalrings,areinWestOceanusProcellarumandMareFrigoris,whichseemstobeconsistentwiththedistributionofpotassium,rareearthelements,andphosphorusasauniquefeatureonthelunarsurface.Theloweraverageatomicnumbers(ZA<11.5)arefoundtobecorrelatedwiththeanorthositeonthefarsideoftheMoon.