简介:Thispaperinvestigatestheinfluenceoflow-carbonpoliciesonchannelcoordinationforatwo-echelonsupplychainconsistingofonesupplierandoneretailer.Fourdifferentmodelsareconsidered:thebasicmodel,thecarbonemissionmodel,thecarbonemissiontradingmodelandthecarbontaxmodel.Wefindthatthegovernmentpolicyonallcarbonemissionmodelsisnotuniversalamongthefirmsaswellasthecustomers.Thecarbonemissiontradingpolicyisalwaysbetterthanthecarbonemissionpolicyandthecarbontaxpolicywhentheallocatedcarbonemissionquotasaregreaterthanthecarbonemissions.Thecarbonemissiontradingpolicyisprovedtobeaneffectivemechanismwhichcanmotivatethesupplychaintoreducecarbonemissions.Undercertainconditions,thesupplychainprefersthecarbonemissiontradingpolicywithhighercarbonpricetootherpolicies.IntheframeworkofStackelberggamewiththesupplierastheleader,foreachcarbonpolicy,thepaperpresentscoordinationmechanismwiththeall-unitwholesalequantitydiscountcontract(AWQD).Weanalyzeandcomparetheinfluenceoflow-carbonpoliciesonchannelcoordinationforthefourlow-carbonpolicies.Numericalexperimentsareconductedtoexamineourfindings.
简介:Lowgainfeedbackreferstocertainfamiliesofstabilizingstatefeedbackgainsthatareparameterizedinascalarandgotozeroasthescalardecreasestozero.Lowgainfeedbackwasinitiallyproposedtoachievesemi-globalstabilizationoflinearsystemssubjecttoinputsaturation.Itwasthencombinedwithhighgainfeedbackindifferentwaysforsolvingvariouscontrolproblems.Theresultingfeedbacklawsarereferredtoaslow-and-highgainfeedback.Sincetheintroductionoflowgainfeedbackinthecontextofsemi-globalstabilizationoflinearsystemssubjecttoinputsaturation,therehasbeenefforttodevelopalternativemethodsforlowgaindesign,tocharacterizekeyfeaturesoflowgainfeedback,andtoexplorenewapplicationsofthelowgainandlow-and-highgainfeedback.Thispaperreviewsthedevelopmentsinlowgainandlow-and-highgainfeedbackdesigns.
简介:Inthispaper,regulatoryandoptimumprogrammingmodelhasbeenadopted.Consideringthecostsofemissionreduction,supervisionandpenalty,wewentallouttoanalyzetheoptimaldecisionofcostefficiencyofregulatorswhenimplementingthesethreepolicyinstruments:carbonemissionstandards,carbonemissiontradingpermissions,andcarbontaxesaswell.Itsresulthasindicated:Instrictaccordancewithcontroltargetoftotalcarbonemissions,regulatorsarewillingtorendersocialandeconomiccostabletoachievethegoalofoptimalcostefficiencybyregulatingcarbonemissionstandardsandsupervisingmarginalcostcausedbyvariationsintheprobability;fortunately,undertheconditionsoflowsupervisorycostandcertaincriteriawhichismet,theimplementationofcarbonemissiontradingpermissionscouldprovidesocialandeconomiccostwithopportunitiestorealizethatobjective;throughcomparativeanalysis,carbonemissiontradingpermissionshavetheadvantagesofhigherefficiencythancarbonemissionstandardsonthepremiseofincompleteinformation.Duringtheimplementationofcarbontaxesstrategy,whenthereexistsuncertaintyinformationintheenterprisesreductionbehaviors,theconditionwhichenterprisescanfullycomplywithisthetaxratelevelisnothigherthanmarginalpenaltyfunction;thetaxratelevelofenterprisesperfectcomplianceoughtnottobelowerthanthedivisionofmarginalpenaltycostandmarginalsupervisorycost.Theoptimalstrategyofenterprisesimperfectcomplianceisthatregulatorsvaryingthemarginalcostofemissionstandardsisequaltovaryingthatofsupervisoryprobability.