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简介：Chinaisacountrywithavastterritoryandalargepopulationbutlimitedforestresources,whichismainlydistributedintheeconomicallylessdevelopedregions.Therefore,itisparticularlyimportanttoaddresstheissuetoestablishforesteco-compensationmechanismtoovercometheproblemsofinequitybetweenthepeopleandpromotethepublicincentiveforforestmanagementandconservation.Thedefinitionofeco-compensationisdeeplydiscussedbasedontheliteraturereviewofnationalandinternationalinitiatives.Accordingtosummaryandanalysisoftheempiricalworkofforestecocompensationatinternationallevel,somesignificantinspirationsaredrawonthispaper.Basedonthem,thispaperfocusesontheforesteco-compensationmechanismofChina.Firstly,integratingwiththeactualsituationofChina,thepaperputsforwardthepolicyframeworkofeco-compensation.Theinstitutionalframeworkofeco-compensationshouldbeestablishedamongthemulti-departmentswithdifferenttemporalandspatialscales.Secondly,thetypesandrangesofforesteco-compensationarefurtherstudied,thatisthreelevelsofforesteco-compensationsuchasmicro-level,macro-levelaswellasmedia-level,andthenthestandardsofeco-com-pensationareprimarilyestimated,whichincludethethreefactors,namelydirectexpenseofplantation,opportunitycostforforestsprotectionandbenefitsofforestecosystemservices.Finally,therecommendationiscreatedintermsofaboveresearchconclusions,whichisprovidethevitalimportantreferencesforgovernmentpolicymakingintheforesteco-compensationdomain.

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简介：Thedevelopmentofstate-ownedforestareaplaysaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentofChineseforestindustry,andevenintheconstructionofnationaleconomy.AsthebackboneofChineseforestrydevelopment,itcontributestoChineseeconomicdevelopment,ecologicalenvironmentprotectionandsocialprogress.Howtobalanceallstakeholders’interestandbehaviorsremainsasoneofthefocusesinthestudyofsustainabledevelopmentofforestareas.Onthisbasis,researcheswerecarriedoutanddescribedinthepaper.Firstly,thepapergoesthroughtheconceptandscopeofstate-ownedforestareainChina;Secondly,itdefinesthestakeholdersofstate-ownedforestarea,anddiscussesovertheproblemsinstakeholders’behaviorsfromtheaspectofresponsibility,rightsandinterests;andFinally,itdesignsthestakeholders’behaviorsonthebasisofexistingproblemsandprovidesconstructivesuggestionsondeeperreformofstate-ownedforestareas.

简介：TheMicangshanForestParkislocatedinthenortheastedgeoftheSichuanBasin.Thewildanimalsandplantsresourcesarerichandtheecosystemisintegrity.Therearewell-preservedareasofnativebiologicalcommunities.Itsstripandtheregiondecidedthatontheonehandbiologicaldiversityisrich;ontheotherhand,thereisitsuniqueecologicalfragility.Onceitisdestroyed,itwouldbeverydifficulttorestore.Inordertoprotecttheecologicalenvironmentofwildanimalandplanthabitatsandwildanimalandplantresources,thispaperusesquadratsurveyproceduretocarryontheinvestigation.IntheMicangshanForestPark'stypicallandsectortheauthorestablishesthesampleareaof20m×20mtoinvestthetreelayerofplantspeciesandbuildsfive2m×2mthesmallquadratsalongthetypeplace'sdiagonallinemachinerytoinvestbushlevelandthefieldlayerfloristiccomponent.AgainaccordingtotheMicangshanForestPark'sterrain,thevegetationandthedifferencehumanityinterferencecondition,theautorbuildsthedifferentquantitiesseparatelythelinetransecttoinvesttheanimaltype.ThisarticlethroughtoeasternSichuanProvincenorththeMicangshanforestparkbiodiversityresourcesinvestigation,hasanalyzedthebiodiversityprotectionworkpresentsituationandtheexistencequestion,andputforwardtheproposaltothenextprotectionwork.

简介：摘要：《企业会计准则第22号——金融工具》将原四大类金融资产重新分为了三大类金融资产，并且三类金融资产中的债务工具相互之间可以重分类，涉及业务复杂，会计处理难度大。通过本文对金融资产重分类和金融资产重分类核算的研究供财会人员参考。

简介：信用风险建模中广泛使用跳跃过程描述违约和等级转移事件,从信用风险的角度研究跳跃过程的基本概念和性质十分必要。泊松过程用来描述一般动态变化,而复合的及广义双重随机泊松过程用来描述非时齐动态变化。相关实例和模拟研究有助于更好的理解信用风险随机过程的特征并正确建模。

简介：Atpresentabout60%ofecosystemhasbeendamagedanddegradedseverely,resultinginenormousecologicallossglobally.Theessentialcauseistheirrationalutilizationofecosystembyhumankind,soitisthekeytochangingimproperenvironmentalperformanceofhumankindsoastopreventecosystemfrombeingdamaged.Thequantitativevaluationonthelossofecologicaldamageisaneffectivetooltoguidehumanecoenvironmentalperformance.Inthispaper,theconceptsrelatedtothevaluationonecologicaldamagecostareintroduced;uncertaintiesthatmightariseinthevaluationonthelossofecologicaldamagesuchasareacoverageofvaluation,ecologicaldamagequantity,bordersofecologicaldamagecostanddatasupportareanalyzed;andthevaluationapproachesforthelossofecologicaldamagearealsodiscussed.Asacasestudy,theeconomiclossesofecologicaldamageofforestin2005inChinaarevaluated.

简介：Thepaperassessestheeconomicimpactsofthenaturalforestprotectionprogram(NFPP)ontheeconomyofYunnanProvince,China,intermsofgrossoutput,valueadded,employment,andhouseholdincome.Aninput-outputmodelisdevelopedtoestimateNFPP'seconomicimpactsbymeansofbackwardlinkagesintheforestrysectorandloggingandhaulagesector.ItisfoundthattheNFPPhaspositiveimpactsongrossoutput,valueaddedandhouseholdincomeintheinitialyear,buthassignificantlynegativeimpactsontheregionaleconomyinthefollowingyearsastheinvestmentdecreases.

简介：Thefarmlandtoforestprojecthasasignificantpromotingroleonecologicalcivilization;thefollow-upindustrydevelopmentisthekeytoconsolidatingachievementsofthefarmlandtoforestproject.Usingthesurveydataoffarmlandfarmers,thisarticleanalyzesthestatusanddevelopmentofthefollowupindustryinGuizhouprovince.Theresultsshowthatthefollow-upindustrydevelopmentqualityislow,thefollow-upindustrydevelopmentwillingnessisweak,thefollow-upindustrydevelopmentabilityispoor,andthefollow-upindustrysustaineddevelopmentisinsufficient.Furtheranalysisindicatesthatthefollow-upindustrydevelopmentlackoffunds,technicalandsystemofpolicysupport.Policyimplicationsarediscussedfocusingonimprovingpolicysystem,thefollow-upindustrydevelopmentstrategy,thefollow-upindustrydevelopmentplanning,anddevelopmentwiththecombinationofdevelopmentstrategyofGuizhouprovince.

简介：Tobuildtheartificialforestecosystemisthemajoreco-economicdevelopmentmodelinthewatershedofMiyunReservoir.Itisveryimportanttoevaluatethebenefitsofthoseecosystems.Emergytheoriesareveryhelpfulforustoestablishascience-basedassessmentframework.EmergyevaluationoftheartificialforestecosystemsinthewatershedofMiyunReservoirisusedtoassestherelativevaluesofseveralecologicalfunctions(sometimescalledecosystemservices)andmainecosystemstorages(sometimescallednaturalcapital).Themaindrivingenergies,internalprocessesandstoragesareevaluated.Themainfunctions,includingtranspiration,GPPandinfiltration,areevaluated,whichare609em$/ha/yr,6,245em$/ha/yrand340em$/ha/yrrespectively.Thetotalvaluesofmajorenvironmentalservicesare4,683em$/ha/yrintheartificialforestecosystem.Themainstoragesofnaturalcapitalincludinglivebiomass,soilmoisture,organicmatter,undergroundwaterandlandformareestimated,whichare112,028em$/ha,9em$/ha,40,718em$/ha,34em$/haand6,400,514em$/harespectively.Thelargestvalueislandform,whichaccountsfor97.7%ofthesecalculatedtotalemdollarvalues.Theconceptofreplacementvalueisexploredusingtheemergyvaluesofbothecosystemservicesandnaturalcapital.Thetotalcalculatedreplacementvaluesare302,160em$/ha.

简介：从金融风险产生的原因看,一般可分为宏观层面和微观层面两种。微观层面的金融风险,对于一家金融机构而言,它所面临的风险是多重的,具体可以划分为以下八大类:资产风险:从某种意义来说,资产风险是金融机构的根本性风险,这是由于金融机构(如银行)运用资金,如对客户进行贷款,造成

简介：Non-timberforestproducts(NTFPs)canplayakeyroleinsustainableruraldevelopmentduetotheirabilitytosupportrurallivelihoodswhilecontributingtoenvironmentalobjectives,includingbiodiversityconservation.However,systematicunderstandingoftheirroleandpotentialinconservationanddevelopmentremainsweak.Studieshavepointedtoimportantknowledgegapsthatmayleadtoseriousexploitationandunsustainableuseofthenaturalresource'NTFP'inChina,suchas(1)lackofbasicknowledgeongermplasmandnon-existingorincom-pleteinventory,(2)noin-depthandlong-termmonitoringandinstitutionalarrangementstoascertainsustainableextractionlevels,(3)insufficientmarkettransparencyforcommunities,(4)incompleteknowledgeofNTFPdomesti-cationanditseffectsonproductqualityandpriceandtheconservationofwildsources,and(5)noexistingresearchonthefulllengthofthecommoditychainformajornon-timberforestproductsandthevariousactorsinthechain.ThispaperpresentsinitiativestowardbalancingpovertyreductionandbiodiversityconservationgoalsinChina'sremotemountainregionsthroughthesustainablemanagementofNTFPs.Thepotentialandchallengesoforganic,ecologicalandFairtradecertificationschemesinthecontextofsmallholderfarmersarediscussedinmoredetail.

简介：一、引言现金是一种流动性最强的资产,又是一种盈利性最差的资产.现金不足,影响生产经营,现金过多,会使企业盈利水平下降.企业应保持多少现金才合适呢?这便是最佳现金持有量的确定问题.存货模型是确定最佳现金持有量的常用方法,但存货模型是基于以下假设:①分析期内的现金支付持续、规则且确定;②分析期内所有的现金收入都可准确预测;③分析期内的有价证券投资收益率不变;④现金与证券组合之间的转换在任何时候都可以进行,而且转换费用固定.很明显,这些严格的假设条件在企业实际经营活动中是不可能完全实现的.例如付款金额与时间往往很不确定,或者现金回收很不确定.因此,现金的需求量往往是随机波动的,故存货模型的实用性不大.本文在存货模型的基础上,提出具有一定实用价值的确定最佳现金持有量的一个随机模型.

简介：摘要：随机规划理论是将含有随机变量的优化问题建模，通过随机性数据处理使事件机会在随机环境下达到最优的实用理论，社会经济的持续发展为随机规划理论的最优投资组合选择领域应用提供了发展空间。基于此，本文对随机规划视域下的多期投资组合理论基础进行分析，并深入研究多期投资组合的随机规划策略，为投资者提供数据模型参考。

简介：传统随机波动模型（SV模型）仅从宏观基本面角度揭示了潜在波动的随机性。本文基于修正混合分布假设模型（即MMDH模型）,将单因素SV模型拓展为两因素随机波动模型,并赋予每个波动因素新的经济意义解释。通过对中国股市高频数据和日数据进行了校准分析,所得校准结果与理论假设保持一致,并发现股价波动与信息到达过程和流动性风险均成正相关。最后,本文使用有效矩估计方法（EMM）比较了两因素SV模型和传统SV模型,其模型拟合统计量显示前者绝对优于后者;其得分t比率表明宏观因素控制波动的持久性,而市场微结构的流动性因素主要决定波动的厚尾性。

简介：摘 要：随着经济的发展和金融市场的不断扩大，住房抵押贷款保险作为一种重要的金融产品，在保障借款人利益、降低银行风险等方面发挥着重要作用。然而，随机利率模型对住房抵押贷款保险的定价产生了深远影响。传统的定价方法主要基于历史数据和经验判断，而在随机利率模型下，定价策略将更加注重对未来利率变动的预测和分析。这将使得保险公司在制定价格时更加充分地考虑市场风险和借款人的还款能力，为借款人和保险公司带来更为公平和有效的保障。为此本文将随机利率模型概述与应用情况出发，阐述了住房抵押贷款保险定价原理，接着分析了随机利率模型下住房抵押贷款保险的定价方法，并根据举例分析。

简介：企业的现金流量信息现已日益引起企业管理当局和广大投资者的关注。1998年颁布的《企业会计准则一现金流量表》为外部投资者了解和分析企业现金流量提供了可能。关于现金流量表分析的论文也雨后春笋般地见诸报刊。此类文章的发表，无疑为广大投资者分析和评价上市公司的现金流量提供了有益的帮助。

简介：近些年来,全球的科学技术迅猛发展,新理论,新技术,新产品日新月异,层出不穷.科学技术的发展推动了全球经济的繁荣,以科学技术为主要特征的知识经济把人们的价值观提到了一个新的高度.

简介：本文将激励形式分为两种内部激励——显性激励、隐性激励和两种外部激励——产品市场压力、资本市场压力,并以2005—2008年度中国纺织服装行业上市公司为样本,利用随机前沿模型实证分析了董事会激励对公司效率的影响。结果表明：显性激励方面,董事会薪酬激励优于权益激励;隐性激励方面,董事长更替对公司效率有积极显著的影响,而董事长和总经理的两职合一对公司效率有负面的影响。外部激励方面,产品市场的竞争压力比资本市场的收购风险对公司董事会更有约束力。