简介：Therearefewpapersintheliteraturefocusingontheissueoftheoptimaldepletionofexhaustibleresourcesintheframeworkofvariabletimepreference.Thispaperattemptstoanalyzethepureconsumptionofexhaustibleresourceunderhyperbolictimepreference,andtodiscusstheoptimaldepletionrateandtheeffectoftheprotectionoftheexhaustibleresourceunderdifferentcommitmentabilities.Theresultsofmodelshowthatthecaseofthehyperbolicdiscountwiththefullcommitmentofthegovernmentisequivalenttothecaseofconstantdiscountofthesocialplannerproblem.Inthatcase,theoptimaldepletionrateandtheinitialconsumptionofexhaustibleresourcearetheslowest.Onthecontrary,theyarethehighestandthemyopicbehaviorsleadtoexcessiveconsumptionofexhaustibleresourcesinevitablywithoutcommitment.Otherwise,inthecaseofpartialcommitment,theresultsarebetweenthecasesoffullcommitmentandofnocommitment.Therefore,withthehyperbolictimepreference,theoptimaldepletionrateofresourcedependsonthecommitmentability.Highercommitmentabilityleadstolowereffectiverateoftimepreference,andconsequently,lowerdepletionrateandlowerinitialdepletionvalue.Theimprovementofcommitmentabilitycandecreasetheimpatienceandmyopiabehaviors,andcontributetotheprotectionoftheexhaustibleresources.

简介：Rural-urbanlandconversionisauniversalphenomenonintherapidprocessofeconomicdevelopmentandurbangrowth.Thewelfareoffarmerswholosttheirfarmlandattractedawidespreadconcernwithinthesocietyandacademia.However,furtherresearchaboutdifferentiatedpoliciesaccordingtothecharacteristicsofdifferentfarmergroupsisstillneedtobeconducted.Thisarticledividestheland-lostfarmersintothreeagegroups:youngerthan45,45-65,andmorethan65.Itproposesawelfareindexsystemincludingeightfunctionalareasbasedondifferentagegroupsofaffectedfarmers,takingfourdistrictsofWuhanCityascasestudyarea.Fuzzymathematicsmethodisusedtoderivetheaggregatedwelfareeffectindex.Ouranalysisshowthattheoverallwelfarelevelsofland-lostfarmersofallagegroupsdeclined,butwithavaryingdegree,withthelevelofwelfareinthosefarmerswhoare45-65yearsold,youngerthan45yearsold,andolderthan65yearsolddecreasedby18.7%,16.6%,and12.7%,respectively.Thedirectionanddegreeofeffectsonthefunctionalactivityindexvariesamongdifferentgroups.Economicconditions,livingenvironment,health,andsocialparticipationofallagegroupsdecreasewhilesocialsecurityandhousingconditionsincrease.Ontheotherhand,developmentopportunities,socialcommunication,andleisurehavedifferentchangingdirectionsindifferentagestages.Theseresultscallfordifferentiatedandtailor-madecompensationpoliciesforland-lostfarmers,towardsimprovingthewelfarelevelsofallfarmersandreducethedisparityamongthem.