简介：为了客观公正地评价生态农场的发展状况,运用层次分析法,结合生态农场实际情况,从本地资源、经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益角度出发,提出了生态农场评价指标体系构建原则和方法,并建立生态农场综合水平评价定性与定量相结合的指标体系,进而运用量化的评价指标体系和层次分析评价法,对湖南省辰溪县橘海生态农场进行了综合评价实证.

简介：裸露岩质边坡覆绿成败的关键在于植物和岩体的有机结合,植被地境再造技术效果突出.通过以河南省宜阳县锦屏山高陡岩质边坡覆绿工程为研究对象,从生态地质学角度研究地境再造技术指标,为了解决岩质边坡的覆绿这一问题,必须要满足以下条件：岩体体裂隙率达到3%以上、岩壁覆绿植物种植孔深度在40~60cm之间、种植孔施工角度与裂隙的发育产状相关且以切穿更多的裂隙为原则.

简介：为探讨纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末对细胞DNA损伤作用的差别,采用不同浓度的纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末（0、100、200、400μg·mL^-1）对Hela细胞进行染毒,应用单细胞凝胶电泳（彗星实验）检测Hela细胞的损伤效应.结果表明,与对照组相比,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2各染毒组细胞尾部DNA百分率（TailDNA%）和尾矩（TailMoment）均显著增加（p〈0.01）;同一浓度下,纳米MnO2组细胞尾部DNA百分率和尾矩显著高于常规MnO2组（p〈0.01）.以上结果表明,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2粉末均能导致Hela细胞DNA损伤,且纳米MnO2的损伤作用强于常规MnO2.

简介：选择泥鳅（Misgurnusanguillicaudatus）作为受试生物,以泥鳅死亡率、血液红细胞数量、红细胞体积、红细胞微核率和核异常率作为测试指标,考察了沉积物中＂加标＂金属镉（Cd）的毒性状况,探讨了水体沉积物中重金属的生物毒性影响。结果表明：高有机质的粘土粉砂性沉积物能够有效吸附重金属镉;镉加标暴露组泥鳅的死亡率以及红细胞微核率和核异常率均显著高于对照组（p〈0.05）,而且各测试指标随着沉积物中镉＂加标＂浓度的增加而上升。经过计算,水体-沉积物体系中的镉对泥鳅24、48、72和96hLC50分别为2.8037、2.4997、2.2705和1.7538mg.g-1干重。而泥鳅微核率和核异常率对沉积物中的镉的毒性反应灵敏,可以作为监测环境污染的指标。

简介：二氧化硫（SO2）是大气中最常见的污染物之一.SO2的大量排放使城市空气污染不断加重,对环境和人类健康造成了极大的危害.大量的流行病学研究表明SO2不仅可以引起呼吸系统疾病,而且对心血管系统,甚至生殖系统都会产生影响;毒理学研究也表明SO2对人和动物多种组织器官均有毒性作用,有些毒作用甚至比肺组织的改变还要严重,SO2是一种全身性毒物.而通过产生各种自由基引起器官组织发生氧化损伤作用可能是SO2毒作用的一种主要机制.

简介：为选育杉木优良无性系,量化选育的参数指标,以湖南省金洞林场的131个杉木无性系4a、6a、8a、10a、15a、20a和25a测定数据为基础,对其生长性状采用采用相关性分析、方差分析,并估算不同无性系林分遗传力、遗传增益等遗传参数.同时,对木材性状进行测定并分析.结果表明:25a优良无性系的变异增幅较大,平均树高、胸径、立木蓄积分别大于对照(实生苗林)16.02%、27.58%、84.86%,各生长因子的遗传力(重复力)h2>0.85且木材力学特性与对照的木材材质没有差异;以生长性状和木材性状为指标,筛选出6个优良无性系,入选率为4.58%.研究表明,25a杉木性状较优,优良无性系的入选率较高.

简介：Globalclimatechangeisoneofthemajorenvironmentalissuesfacedbyhumans.Existingevidenceindicatesthattheanthropogenicpushforariseintheatmosphericconcentrationofgreenhousegases（GHGs）（particularlyCO2）hasbeenaprimarycauseforglobalwarming.Asidefromeconomicandteclinologicalfactors,demographicdynamics（includinghumanconsumptioninabroaddemographicsense）hasbeenamajordriverforCO2emissions.Inthispaper,weperformedbothnonlinearregressionanalysis（basedontheSTIRPATmodel）andgraycorrelationdegreeanalysis（basedongraysystemtheory）ontheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions.OurresultsrevealthatCO2emissionsarepositivelycorrelatedwithpopulationsizeandGDPpercapitaandnegativelycorrelatedwithenergyintensity.WealsoshowthatgraycorrelationdegreewithCO2emissionsforfivevariables（i.e.,householdconsumption,urbanizationrate,householdsize,populationagingrate,populationsize）variessubstantially:householdconsumption>urbanizationrate>householdsize>populationagingrate>populationsize,withhouseholdconsumptionbeingthehighest,andpopulationsizethelowest.TomitigatetheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions,itisofvitalsignificancetonurturepeople’sawarenessofsustainableconsumptionandtoadheretocurrentpopulationcontrolpolicies.

简介：HouseholdconsumptionisoneoftheimportantfactorsthatinduceCO2emission.Basedoninput-outputmodel,thisarticlecalculatedtheintensityofCO2emissionofdifferentincomegroupsandsevenprovincesinChina,andthenestimatedtotalCO2emissioninducedbyurbanhouseholdconsumptionfrom1995to2004inChinabasedonstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditure.TheresultsshowthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionhadincreasedfrom1583to2498kgCO2during1995-2004.Theratioofconsumption-inducedCO2emissiontototalCO2emissionhadrisenfrom19%to30%inthepastdecade.IndirectCO2emissionaccountedforanimportantpartoftheconsumption-inducedemission,theratioofindirectemissiontoconsumption-inducedemissionhadrisenfrom69%to79%duringthesameperiod.Asignificantdifferenceinconsumption-inducedCO2emissionacrossdifferentincomegroupsanddifferentregionshasbeenobserved.CO2emissionpercapitaofhigherincomegroupsanddevelopedregionsincreasedfasterthanthatoflowerincomegroupsanddevelopingregions.ChanginglifestylehasdrivensignificantincreaseinCO2emission.Especially,increasesinprivatetransportexpenditure(forexample,vehicleexpenditure)andhousebuildingexpenditurearekeydrivingfactorsofgrowthinconsumption-inducedCO2emission.TherearebigdifferencesintheamountofCO2emissioninducedbychangeinlifestyleacrossdifferentincomegroupsandprovinces.Itcanbeexpectedthatlowerincomehouseholdsanddevelopingregionswillincreaseconsumptiontoimprovetheirlivingswithincomegrowthinthefuture,whichmayinducemuchmoreCO2emission.AreasonablelevelofCO2emissionisnecessarytosatisfyhumanneedsandtoimprovelivingstandard,butanoticeablefactisthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionindevelopedareasofChinahadreachedaquitehighlevel.Adjustmentinlifestyletowardsalow-carbonsocietyisinurgentneed.

简介：为探究并比较淡水鱼种日本青鳉早期发育阶段对Cu2＋和Cd2＋等重金属胁迫的响应,在实验室通过半静态方式,对日本青鳉受精卵和仔稚鱼分别进行了48h和96h急性毒性实验。结果表明：Cu2＋对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_（50）分别为8.164mg·L（-1）和6.965mg·L（-1）;Cd2＋对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_（50）分别为63.084mg·L（-1）和53.093mg·L（-1）;较低浓度组Cu（2＋）（≤1.97mg·L（-1））时日本青鳉胚胎的发育速率快于对照组,而较高浓度组（≥3.87mg·L（-1））胚胎的发育速率则慢于对照组;与Cu（2＋）略有不同,无论浓度高低Cd（2＋）对胚胎的孵化速率均产生抑制作用;Cu（2＋）和Cd（2＋）质量浓度分别高于1.97mg·L（-1）和19.68mg·L（-1）时,两种重金属离子均显著降低胚胎的孵化率（P〈0.05）。Cu（2＋）对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_（50）分别为5.361mg·L（-1）、2.844mg·L（-1）、2.020mg·L（-1）和1.352mg·L（-1）;Cd（2＋）对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_（50）分别为15.907mg·L（-1）、10.550mg·L（-1）、7.986mg·L（-1）和6.346mg·L（-1）;Cu（2＋）对日本青鳉稚鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_（50）分别为5.732mg·L（-1）、4.037mg·L（-1）、2.498mg·L（-1）和1.955mg·L（-1）;Cd（2＋）对日本青鳉稚鱼的24、48、72和96h-LC_（50）分别为16.419mg·L（-1）、11.745mg·L（-1）、8.516mg·L（-1）和6.776mg·L（-1）。与其它淡水水生生物相比,日本青鳉仔稚鱼对铜和镉离子较为敏感。

简介：采用开顶式气室模拟研究外源喷施亚精胺（Spd）和EDU对O3胁迫下小麦生理指标变化的影响,测定的生理指标包括丙二醛含量（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD）、过氧化物酶活性（POD）、过氧化氢酶活性（CAT）、可溶性蛋白质含量、还原型谷胱甘肽含量（GSH）、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性（GR）、抗坏血酸含量（ASA）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性（APX）。结果表明,外源喷施Spd和EDU可不同程度地提高小麦叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性,降低MDA和ASA含量,提高GSH和可溶性蛋白含量。当Spd的浓度为0.25、0.50和0.75mmol·L-1时,小麦叶片POD活性比对照处理提高90.0%～226.7%,CAT活性提高21.4%～40.6%,APX活性提高164.2%～191.0%,MDA含量降低9.7%～42.5%。喷施300mg·L-1EDU可导致小麦叶片POD、CAT和APX活性分别比对照处理提高76.8%、27.4%和128.1%,MDA和ASA含量降低,GSH含量提高25.6%。以上结果说明Spd和EDU是2种比较有效的缓解小麦O3胁迫的抗氧化剂,可用来防护O3对小麦的毒害。

简介：AftertheKyotoProtocolwasimplemented,carbonleakageexertsgreatinfluencesoninternationaltradeandeconomy.Tradecreatesamechanismforconsumerstoshiftenvironmentalpollutionassociatedwiththeirconsumptiontoothercountries.ChinahasovertakentheU.S.astheworld'sbiggestCO2emittersince2006.AsChina'ssecondlargesttradepartner,theU.S.hasthebiggesttradedeficitwithChinawhichhasarousedalotofdisputesbetweenthetwoparties.ButsofartheassessmentsofthetradeimbalanceofChina-U.S.havepaidlittleattentiontoenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththetradeimbalance.Appliedaninput-outputapproach,thearticleestimatestheamountofCO2embodiedinChina-U.S.tradeduring1997-2007.ItwasfoundthatthroughtradewithChina,theU.S.reduceditsCO2emissionscomparedwithanon-tradescenario.Duetothegreatercarbon-intensityandrelativelylessefficientproductionprocessesofChineseindustry,China-U.S.traderesultedinmoreCO2emissionsinChinaandtheworld.Intheend,thearticlegivessomesuggestions:itisequalandsustainablethattheinternationalaccountingmethodologiesshouldbeimproved,forCO2emissionsresponsibilitymustbedesignedtoaccountforthedynamicnatureofinternationaltrade.

简介：EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth

简介：Inthispaper,weconstructamodelinwhichtheimpactofpollutiononhealthisexertedthroughbothdirectandindirectchannels.Theindirectchanneliscapturedbyaproductionfunc-tioninwhichtheprincipalhealth-improvingfactor,incomegrowth,canberealizedonlyinthecostofpollutionincrease.Thismodelisthentestedbytheaggregatedchroniclediseasedatainover78Chinesecounties.Ourresultsshow,afterattainingthethresholdof8μg/m2,continuousincreaseinindustrialSO2emissiondensitywillleadtheratioofpopulationsufferingchroniclediseases,amongwhichrespiratorydiseasesoccupyasignificantproportion,torise.However,owingtotechnologicalprogressinpollutioncontrolactivities,theneededSO2emissiontoproduceoneunitofGDPdiminisheswithtime.Therefore,thenegativeeffectfrompollutionaugmentationonpublichealthseemstoberecompensedmoreandmorebythepositiveeffectofeconomicgrowth.

简介：ThispaperproposestouseDEAmodelswithundesirableoutputstoconstructtheMalmquistindexthatcanbeusetoinvestigatethedynamicchangesofCO2emissionperformance.Withtheindex,theauthorshavemeasuredtheCO2emissionperformanceof28provincesandautonomousregionsinChinafrom1996to2007;withtheconvergencetheoryandpaneldataregressionmodel,theauthorsanalyzetheregionaldifferencesandtheinfluencingfactors.ItisfoundthattheperformanceofCO2emissionsinChinahasbeencontinuouslyimprovedmainlyduetothetechnologicalprogress,andtheaverageimprovementrateis3.25%,withacumulativeimprovementrateof40.86%.Inaddition,theCO2emissionperformancevariesacrossfourregions.Asawhole,theperformancescoreofeasternChinaisthehighest.ThenortheasternandcentralChinahasrelativelylowerperformancescores,andthewesternChinaisrelativelybackward.Theregionaldifferencesaredecreasing,andtheperformanceofCO2emissionsisconvergent.TheinfluenceofsomefactorsontheperformanceofCO2emissionsissignificant,suchasthelevelofeconomicdevelopment,thelevelofindustrialstructure,energyintensity,andownershipstructure.Theinfluenceofsomefactors,suchasopening-uptotheoutsideworld,ontheperformanceofCO2emissionsisnotsignificant..

简介：WhenaccountingtheCO2emissionsresponsibilityoftheelectricitysectorattheprovinciallevelinChina,itisofgreatsignificancetoconsiderthescopeofbothproducers’andtheconsumers’responsibility,sincethiswillpromotefairnessindefiningemissionresponsibilityandenhancecooperationinemissionreductionamongprovinces.Thispaperproposesanewmethodforcalculatingcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelbasedonthesharedresponsibilityprincipleandtakingintoaccountinterregionalpowerexchange.Thismethodcannotonlybeusedtoaccounttheemissionresponsibilitysharedbyboththeelectricityproductionsideandtheconsumptionside,butitisalsoapplicableforcalculatingthecorrespondingemissionresponsibilityundertakenbythoseprovinceswithnetelectricityoutflowandinflow.ThismethodhasbeenusedtoaccountforthecarbonemissionsresponsibilitiesofthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelinChinasince2011.Theempiricalresultsindicatethatcomparedwiththeproduction-basedaccountingmethod,thecarbonemissionsofmajorpower-generationprovincesinChinacalculatedbythesharedresponsibilityaccountingmethodarereducedbyatleast10%,butthoseofotherpower-consumptionprovincesareincreasedby20%ormore.Secondly,basedontheprincipleofsharedresponsibilityaccounting,InnerMongoliahasthehighestcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorwhileHainanhasthelowest.Thirdly,fourprovinces,includingInnerMongolia,Shanxi,HubeiandAnhui,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflow-14milliontin2011,accountingfor74.42%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflowinChina.Sixprovinces,includingHebei,Beijing,Guangdong,Liaoning,Shandong,andJiangsu,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflow-11milliontin2011,accountingfor71.44%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflowinChina.Lastly,thispaperhasestimatedtheemissionfactorsofelectricity

简介：Thispaperquantifiesadecompositionanalysisofenergy-relatedCO2emissionsintheindustrialsectorsofShanghaiovertheperiod1994-2007.TheLog-MeanDivisiaIndex(LMDI)methodisappliedtothisstudyintermsofsixfactors:laborforce,labormobility,grosslaborproductivity,energyintensity,fuelmix,andemissioncoefficient.Inaddition,thedecouplingeffectbetweenindustrialeconomicgrowthandCO2emissionsisanalyzedtoevaluateCO2mitigationstrategiesforShanghai.TheresultsshowthatalllaborproductivityhasthelargestpositiveeffectonCO2emissionchangesintheindustrialsectors,whereaslabormobilityandenergyintensityarethemaincomponentsfordecreasingCO2emissions.OtherfactorshavedifferenteffectsonCO2mitigationindifferentsub-periods.AlthougharelativedecouplingofindustrialCO2emissionsfromtheeconomicgrowthinShanghaihasbeenfound,ShanghaishouldkeeppacewiththeindustrialCO2emissionsreductionbyimplementinglow-carbontechnology.Theseresultshaveimportantpolicyimplications:PlanCisthereasonablechoiceforShanghai.

简介：为研究水生生物对水体中重金属和有机磷农药毒性的响应,研究了锯齿新米虾暴露在Cu2＋、毒死蜱单一溶液和毒性1：1混合溶液下的响应状况,同时采用相加指数法对混合毒性进行了评价。单一毒性试验结果表明：毒死蜱对锯齿新米虾的毒性显著高于Cu（2＋）（p〈0.01）;Cu（2＋）对锯齿新米虾未觉察反应浓度（NOEC）和最低觉察反应浓度（LOEC）分别为1.78mg·L（-1）、2.40mg·L（-1）,24、48、72和96h的LC_（50）分别为6.41、4.75、4.20和3.44mg·L（-1）;毒死蜱对锯齿新米虾NOEC和LOEC分别为0.04μg·L（-1）、0.07μg·L（-1）,24、48、72和96h的LC50分别为035、0.17、0.11和0.06μg·L（-1）;参考鱼类毒性分级标准,Cu（2＋）对锯齿新米虾为高毒,而毒死蜱为剧毒。混合毒性试验结果表明：采用Cu（2＋）和毒死蜱毒性1：1进行试验时,暴露时间为24、48、72和96h的相加指数（AI）分别为0.02、0.45、1.86和223,即混合毒性为协同作用。通过研究锯齿新米虾对Cu（2＋）、毒死蜱单一和联合毒性的响应,可为水环境污染与防治、物种多样性保护提供科学依据。

简介：纳米二氧化钛（nTiO2）在被人们广泛使用的同时,其潜在的环境影响也受到越来越多的关注。为深入探讨nTiO2与环境中现有污染物的相互作用及生物效应,以斜生栅藻（Scenedesmusobliquus）为受试生物,按照毒性单位法、相加指数法和混合毒性指数法,研究了nTiO2与双酚A（BPA,一种常见的环境类雌激素）的联合毒性效应。结果显示,nTiO2与BPA对S.obliquus生长的72h半抑制浓度（EC50）分别为28.7mg·L-1与1.81mg·L-1。而nTiO2与BPA共存时,在不同毒性比（4：1,3：1,2：1,1：1,1：2和1：3）下,其联合毒性作用（以BPA计）的72hEC50值分别为2.198,1.58,1.153,0.428,0.306和0.189mg·L-1。两者的联合毒性作用不仅仅是简单的相加,而是随着两者毒性比的变化,由拮抗作用转变为相加作用,继而转变为协同作用。这表明,nTiO2进入环境后与现有污染物的毒性比（浓度比）可能是其联合毒性作用模式的一个重要影响因素。

简介：为了探讨纳米与微米尺度SiO2对雄性大鼠的生殖毒性作用,选择不同剂量的纳米SiO2（20～40nm）与微米SiO2（1～10μm）采用气管滴注方式对雄性Wistar大鼠分组染毒.于染毒5周后处死大鼠,检查附睾精子形态,并检测睾丸组织和血清中睾丸功能标志酶活性变化以及性激素含量的变化.结果表明：1）高、低剂量的纳米和微米SiO2染毒均可使大鼠发生程度不同的精子数量减少、精子活动率降低、精子畸形率升高;2）纳米SiO2染毒可使大鼠睾丸组织SDH、LDH和血清中ACP活性显著降低,而微米SiO2染毒对这些指标的影响不显著;3）纳米SiO2和高剂量微米SiO2染毒可使大鼠血清T和睾丸匀浆T浓度显著降低,而对血清LH没有显著影响;4）与微米SiO2相比,纳米SiO2对大鼠生殖功能的损伤有更严重的趋势,但相同剂量下,纳米SiO2和微米SiO2相比,各指标均无显著性差异.以上结果表明,微米和纳米尺度SiO2染毒均可使大鼠生殖功能产生损伤,使部分生殖功能指标发生显著变化;与微米SiO2相比,纳米SiO2对大鼠生殖功能的损伤有更严重的趋势.

简介：焦化废水中含有大量毒性物质，具有较强的生物毒性。本文以实验室构建的A2／O焦化废水处理系统为研究对象，考察废水处理过程化学成分和急性毒性的变化。采用紫外扫描和三维荧光光谱分析考察了处理系统各阶段出水的物质组分，并采用固相萃取和超滤膜分离等手段对水样各组分的发光细菌急性毒性进行研究。结果表明，伴随着芳香族物质等毒物的去除，焦化废水的急性生物毒性在该处理系统中被逐步削减，最终出水的毒性当量仅为原水的28％；不同组分的生物毒性测试结果显示，废水水样的强极性和中等极性有机组分贡献了绝大部分的毒性当量，而这些物质主要在缺氧段及好氧段被削减；结合三维荧光光谱的分析结果，可推断焦化废水中一类很难在A2／O处理系统中被完全去除的芳香族蛋白质类似物（Ⅱ区）很可能具有较强的生物毒性，是构成出水毒性的主要物质。