简介：Thehumangutmicrobiotaiscomposedofmorethan100trillionmicrobes.MostcommunitiesaredominatedbyspeciesbelongingtothephylaBacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Proteobacteria,andVerrucomicrobia.Microflora-derivedshort-chainfattyacidsplayapivotalroleintheframeworkofinsulinresistance,obesity,andmetabolicsyndrome.Theyareanimportantenergysourceandareinvolvedinseveralpathways,withproatherogenicandantiatherogeniceffects.Theincreasedgutmicrobiotalipopolysaccharidelevels(definedas“metabolicendotoxemia”)induceastateoflow-gradeinflammationandareinvolvedinatheroscleroticdiseasethroughToll-likereceptor4.Anotherimportantinflammatorytriggeringutmicrobiota–mediatedatheroscleroticpromotionistrimethylamineN-oxide.Ontheotherhand,protocatechuicacidwasfoundtopromotecholesteroleffluxfrommacrophages,showinganantiatherogeniceffect.Furtherstudiestoclarifyspecificgutcompositioninvolvedincardiometabolicsyndromeandatherogenesisareneededforgreateruseoftargetedapproaches.